Nutritive value of palm oil sludge fermentation by some incubation process

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of fermented palm oil sludge (PaS) incubated with different ways towards metabolic digestibility on dry matter,true metabolizable energy (TME) and protein digestibilities. A completely randomized design was used. Treatments consisted of unfermented pas (control) and fermented pas with and without enzymatic incubation proces, two levels of incubation temperatures (28°C and 32°C) and three levels of incubation times (3, 4 and 5 days). The digestibility studies were carried out in 46 layer. The results showed that the dry matter digestibility of P_S was not significantly affected by fermentation process neither by incubation times. TME was not affected by fermentation process and incubation times, but it was significantly affected by incubation temperatures during fennentation (P0,05). Incubation temperatures at 3rC more significant than 28°C. Enzimatic process was more significant than without enzimatic process. True metabolizable energy was highly significantly affected by enzimatic process (PO,OI). Protein digestibility was highly significantly affected by time and incubation process (PO,Ol), but not significantly affected by temperatures incubation. It was concluded that fermentation process could improve the digestibility of palm oil sludge (paS). The best result obtained from incubation at 32°C for 3 days and continued by enzimatic process.   Key words: Fennentation, nutritive value, palm oil sludg

In Vitro Digestibility Evaluation of Fermented Coconut Meal Using Aspergilius Niger NRRL 337

ABSTRACT: Dry matter and protein digestibililies of fermented coconut meal (FCM) using AspergrIlus nige⢠NRRL 337 were evaluated using in vitro method. The FCM was prepared through aerobic fermentation process continual with anaerobic enzymatic process. Both fermentation and enzymatic process have increased in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro corrected protein digestibility (1VCPD) of coconut meal. The fermentation process has increased IVCPD inore effective than that of enzymatic process, whereas the enzymatic process has increased IVDMD more elective. The increase of digestibilities is correlated with the decrease of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and the increase of coneeted protein content (CPC), The highest IVDMD and IVCPD of FCM were resulted front the fermentation of coconut meal added with minerals\u27 (NI14)2S0,4, urea, Nal I2PO4, MgSO4 and KCII itiid enzymatic process at 50°C The increase of IVDMD and 1VCPD and CPC were 26,5, (1(1.7 and 15(1% respectively, whereas the decrease of NDF was 46.8%. Key Words: Coconut Meal, Fermentation Pi mess, Aspergillus Niger, In Vitro Digestibilit

Solid Substrate Fermentation of Cassava Peel for Poultry Feed Ingredient

Cassava peel which is not used during cassava starch extraction is one of potential resources for animal feed. However, cassava peel has low level protein content, high level crude fiber, and high level of toxic cyanogenic compound. These problems limit the utilization of cassava peel as feed. Solid substrate fermentation using mold may be a solution process to increase its nutritional value and decrease toxic level of cassava peel. In this paper, matters that related with cassava peel fermentation process are subsequently described, namely: (i) problems of cassava peel; (ii) biodegradation and detoxification process; (iii) solid state fermentation methods on cassava peel; (iv) nutritional quality of fermented cassava peel; and (v) application of fermented cassava peel in poultry feed. The fermented cassava peel application is compared with those of cassava root and waste (onggok). Addition of nitrogen inorganic in the fermentation process increases the mold growth and protein content of the product, while fiber and cyanogenic contents are decreased due to mold degradation activity. The fermentation process may be carried out using only the cassava peel as the substrate or mixed with wheat flour, using indigenous microbes, Aspergillus niger or a white rot fungus, Panus tigrinus as inoculum. As well as fermented cassava root and waste, fermented cassava peel can be used to substitute maize as poultry feed, although it is reported that the optimum substitution in broiler ration is only 10%. Key words: Cassava peel, fermentation, nutritional value, poultr

Nutritive value of palm oil sludge fermented with Aspergillus niger after stored in different packing materials

An experiment has been conducted to determine the effect of type of packaging and time of storage on fermented palm oil sludge. The palm oil sludge was fermented with Aspergillus niger, dried, kept in differentpackaging materials (plastic bags, feed bag, and paper bag) and stored under room temperatures for 12 weeks. The experiment was assigned in a split plot design (3x7). The parameters measured were water content, crude protein, soluble nitrogen, true protein, in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and true protein digestibilities (IVTPD), total in vitro digestible protein, and the activities of mannanase and cellulase. Results showed that fermented palm oil sludge stored for 12 weeks increased the water content, decreased the true protein and fiber contents, and also reduced the activity of mannanase and cellulase and in vitro dry matter digestibility but no changes on the crude protein content, protein digestibility, and total digestible protein. It was concluded that fermented palm oil sludge should be kept in feed bag under room temperature if to be stored for 12 weeks.   Key words : Palm oil sludge, fermentation, nutritive value, storag

Cassapro in broiler ration : effect of halquinol Supplementation

A trial was conducted to determine the effect of various level of cassapro (fermented cassava) and halquinol supplementation on the performance of broiler chickens . Experimental rations were formulated isoprotein and isoenergy with graded level of cassapro (0, 10, 20 and 30%) . The 20 and 30% cassapro ration were prepared without and with halquinol supplementation (60 ppm). Each ration was fed to 40 of three day old broilers, divided into 4 cages ( 5 males and 5 females per cage) for 4 weeks. Increasing the level of cassapro significantly reduced body weight gain (P 0.005), increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P 0.0005) with no effect on feed intake (P 0.10) . Halquinol supplementation has no effect on feed intake, but significantly increased body weight gain (P 0.05) and improved the FCR (P 0.01) . It is concluded that high level of cassapro in the ration will cause poorer performance of the birds, however it can be alleviated by halquinolsupplementation.   Keywords: Broiler, cassapro, halquino

GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS OF THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA FROM CANDRADIMUKA CRATER IN CENTRAL JAVA EMPLOYING PCR-RFLP OF 16S-rRNA GENE

The specific primers for bacteria (63f and 1387r) were used to amplify the 16S-rRNA genes from total community genomic DNA of thermophilic bacteria. The total community genomic DNA was obtained from muds and water samples of Candradimuka crater, Dieng Plateau, Central Java. PCR products were cloned into vector  pCR*2.1-TOPO (3.9 kb) and transformed into Escherichia coli TOPIC. Two  tetrameric restriction endonucleases  Rsal  and  Hhal  were employed to generate Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) paterns. These enzymes yielded 10 and 9 groups of 16S-rRNA profiles or OTU (Operational Taxonomic Units) from 27 16S-rRNA gene clones. Rsal was found to be more discriminative in differentiating the clones than Hhal. Rsal-RFLP indicated that OTU 7 and OTU 3 represented the most abundant clones, i.e. 6 and 5 clones respectively. The distribution of 16S-rRNA gene clones could  indicate relative distribution of  specific groups of  thermophilic  bacteria  in  their  natural habitat. Analysis of diversity at the DNA level could represent both culturable  and  unculturable bacteria in the  environment. Similarity analysis showed that  at level  0.600 there  were 8 different  groups from 10  RFLP  profiles generated by  Rsal  digestion. This study indicated that there were at least 8 groups of different thermophilic bacteria occupying Candradimuka crater. Key words: Thermophiles, 16S-rRNA, Candradimuka crater

Use of Dried and Fresh Aloe Vera Barbadens as Feed Supplements and Their Effect on Broiler Performance

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation effect of dried and fresh Aloe vera barbadens gels in broiler feed. 180 heads of one –day-old chickens were randomly allocated into 6 treatments, namely : (1) basal ration (BR) + 0,25 g dried gel of Aloe vera (DGAV)/kg ration, (2) BR + 0,50 g DGAV/kg ration, (3) BR + 1,00 g DGAV/kg ration, (4) BR + 25 g fresh gel of Aloe vera (FGAV)/kg ration, (5) BR + 50 g FGAV/kg ration, (6) BR + 100 g FGAV/kg ration. Each treatment was replicated 5 times and consisted of 6 chickens. Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), percentage of carcass and abdominal fats, and mortality were examined. Data were analized by the complete randomized factorial design 2x3, except for data of FCR , which was descriptively analyzed. Result showed that feed intake and weight gain of broilers were not significantly affected by the physical form of A. vera gel. FCR based on live weight and the carcass of chickens feed by DGAV was better than chickens feed by FGAV. Dosses and physical form of A.Vera gel in ration did not significantly (P>0.05) affect the percentage of carcass and abdominal fat, and broiler\u27s mortality, for 5 weeks of observation. (Animal Production 11(1): 53-58 (2009

Utilization of palm oil sludge in poultry diet. 1. Dried palm oil sludge and its fermented product in broiler’s diet

Palm oil sludge a by product of palm oil industry is not commonly used in poultry feed due to some limiting factors such as low protein and amino acids content and high fiber content. These limiting factors were expected to be reduced by fermentation technology. Therefore an experiment was conducted to study the use of fermented (FLS) and non-fermented palm oil sludge (LS) for broiler chicken feed. Two hundred and ten day-old broiler chicks were used for this study. The birds were allocated into 35 cages with 6 birds in each cage. Each 5 group of birds were fed with one of 7 experimental diets. All diets were formulated with similar nutrient contents containing either LS or FLS at 3 different levels (5, 10 and 15%) and a control diet with no LS or FLS. The experimental diets were fed for 6 weeks and the performances were observed. Carcass yield, abdominal fat, weight of liver and gizzard were also measured at the end of the trial. The results showed that LS or FLS can be included in broiler’s diet, since the mortality, carcass yield, abdominal fat, liver and gizzard were not significantly affected. Best level inclusion of LS was 5%. Although inclusion of 10-15% LS did not affect growth and feed conversion significantly, the feed intake was significantly depressed. The best level inclusion of FLS was 10%, since higher level (15%) caused growth depression.   Key words: Palm oil sludge, fermentation, broiler

Preservation of Bacillus pumilus PU4-2 xylanases by immobilization technique into pollard and cation addition

Utilization of by-product from agriculture as alternative source of feedstuff has been widely practiced. However their usage is limited due to high fiber content and low nutrient digestibility. The use of specific hydrolizing enzymes, xylanases are gaining importance because of their wide application in various industrial sectors especially in bioconversion of hemicellulosic material. This experiment was done to evaluate the effect of cation addition and immobilization of enzyme into pollard on stability of B. pumilus xylanase. The enzyme extract was purified by precipitation with 75% ammonium sulphate. Four kinds of cation (Ca2+, Fe3+, Mg2+, Zn2+) were added to the purified enzyme, at concentration of 1m M and stored at 4 and 27˚C. For immobilization process, the optimum enzyme concentration that will be added to pollard has been evaluated by analysis of xylanase activity and their recovery. The specific activity of enzyme after precipitation increased 1.8 times, from 420.3 to 765.2 U/mg protein. All cations act as activator which relative activity become 130.6; 139.0; 103.8 and 163.5% respectively. Concentration of 0.5mM Ca2+ and Fe3+ were most able to keep xylanases activity stable at 4˚C. The optimum composition of enzymes and pollard was 1.5 ml for 5 gram of pollard with recovery of xylanases activity of 82.2%. In immobilized enzyme, the activity of enzyme without cation addition is higher than that with addition of Ca2+ and Fe3+. Activity of enzyme stored at 4˚C is more stable than that at 27˚C. Immobilized enzyme is more stable for storage, which lasted for 7 weeks at 27˚C and 12 weeks at 4˚C compared to liquid enzyme which lasted for only 7 days at 27˚C and 13 days at 4˚C. Key words: Xylanase, Bacillus pumilus PU4-2, Preservation, Imobilization, Catio

Performances of broiler supplemented with antibiotic and Morinda citrifolia waste as sources of bioactive compounds

A study on the use of Zinc bacitracin antibiotic (ZnB) and dried Morinda citrifolia waste as feed additive in broiler ration was conducted. Two hundred and sixteen day old chicks (DOC) was allocated into 4 treatments: control; control + 50 ppm ZnB, and control + M. citrifolia waste at 2 levels (5 and 10 g/kg ration) with 9 replications. Each replicatation consist of 6 birds. The treatments were allocated in a completely randomized design. Variables measured were feed intake, live weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), percentages of carcass and internal organs (liver, gizard, abdominal fat, and thickness of intestine). The results showed that feed intake of  M. citrifolia waste was significantly (P0.05) lower than that of control. Live weight and live weight gain of M. citrifolia waste treatments did not significantly different (P0.05) from that of control. The use of M. citrifolia waste (5 and 10 g/kg) gave significantly lower (P0.05) live weight than the use of antibiotic. FCR of M. citrifolia waste 5 g/kg ration and antibiotic was not significantly different (P0.05), but was significantly lower (P0.05 ) than that of control and M. citrifolia waste 10 g/kg. Carcass and internal organ percentages were not effected by antibiotic and M. citrifolia waste. Liver percentages with M. citrifolia waste 10 g/kg was significantly (P0.05) higher and abdominal fat was lower (P0,05) than that of control, control + antibiotic ZnB and M. citrifolia waste 5g/kg. It is concluded that  the supplementation of M. citrifolia waste (5 g/kg) could substitute ZnB to improve feed eficiency in broiler ration. Key Words: M. Citrifolia Waste, Performances, Broile