ネパールで２８か月にわたり連続して流行したG12P[6]型ロタウイルス： 優勢株の引き続く交代

長崎大学学位論文 [学位記番号]博（医歯薬）甲第576号 [学位授与年月日]平成25年3月19

Front-Loading Sputum Microscopy Services: An Opportunity to Optimise Smear-Based Case Detection of Tuberculosis in High Prevalence Countries

Setting. Ethiopia, Nepal, Nigeria, and Yemen. Objective. To reduce the time to complete sputum microscopy. Design. Cross-sectional surveys enrolling 923 patients with chronic cough in the 4 countries and using similar protocols. Spot-morning-spot sputum specimens were collected. An additional sputum specimen (Xspot) was collected one hour after the first, and the yields of the first two or the three specimens collected as spot-morning-spot or spot-Xspot-morning were compared. Results. 216 patients had ≥ one positive smear. 210 (97%) were identified by the spot-morning-spot, and 210 (97%) were identified by the spot-Xspot-morning specimens, with 203 and 200 identified by the first 2 specimens of each approach, respectively. Neither difference was significant. Conclusions. The time to complete smear microscopy could be reduced

Anxiety and its risk factors among non-Japanese residents living in Japan undergoing COVID-19 situation: A cross-sectional survey

Introduction In the context of collective efforts taken in Japan to control the spread of COVID-19, the state of emergency and social distancing have caused a negative impact on the mental health of all residents, including foreign communities in Japan. This study aimed to evaluate the level of anxiety and its associated factors among non-Japanese residents residing in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A web-based survey in 13 languages was conducted among non-Japanese residents living in Japan during the COVID-19 situation. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory assessed the level of anxiety–State (STAI-S) scores prorated from its six-item version. The multivariable logistic regression using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) method was performed to identify the associated factors of anxiety among participants. Results From January to March 2021, we collected 392 responses. A total of 357 valid responses were analyzed. 54.6% of participants suffered from clinically significant anxiety (CSA). In multivariable logistic model analysis, the CSA status or the high level of anxiety was associated with three factors, including having troubles/difficulties in learning or working, decreased sleep duration, and decreased overall physical health (p<0.05). Conclusion Our study suggests several possible risk factors of anxiety among non-Japanese residents living in Japan undergoing the COVID-19 pandemic, including the troubles or difficulties in learning or working, the decrease in sleep duration, and the decrease in overall physical health.Revisión por pare

A randomized controlled trial of the impact of chlorhexidine skin cleansing on bacterial colonization of hospital-born infants in Nepal

Background: Chlorhexidine skin cleansing might substantially reduce neonatal infection and mortality in developing countries. Few data exist on the impact of chlorhexidine cleansing on skin colonization of infants during the first day of life or on the absorption potential of chlorhexidine during newborn skin cleansing. Methods: Hospital-born newborns in Kathmandu, Nepal were randomly allocated to full-body skin cleansing with 0.25%, 0.50%, or 1.00% chlorhexidine solution. Skin swabs were collected from the axilla, inguinal, and peri-umbilical areas before cleansing (baseline), and at 2 and 24 hours after treatment. Skin flora was quantified and organisms identified. In a subsample, heel prick blood was collected 24 hours after the cleansing and percutaneous absorption of chlorhexidine was assessed. Results: Among 286 enrolled newborns, no adverse effects on skin were reported and body temperature was minimally reduced (mean reduction, 0.33°C). In all groups, positive skin culture rates were significantly reduced at 2 hours but generally not at 24 hours; greater reductions were observed with higher concentrations of chlorhexidine. Effect at 24 hours was highest in the 1.00% group (37% lower positive skin culture rate). For 15 of 75 infants with heel pricks, chlorhexidine was detected at trace concentrations (\u3c8 ng/mL, n = 14; 25.8 ng/mL, n = 1). Conclusions: Chlorhexidine skin cleansing seemed safe and reduced skin flora in newborns in a dose-dependent manner 2 hours after treatment. Greater residual effect at the highest concentration (1%) might provide broader benefit and may simplify combined maternal and neonatal regimens by matching the concentration used for vaginal cleansing during labor

Front-loading sputum microscopy services:an opportunity to optimise smear-based case detection of tuberculosis in high prevalence countries

Setting. Ethiopia, Nepal, Nigeria, and Yemen. Objective. To reduce the time to complete sputum microscopy. Design. Cross-sectional surveys enrolling 923 patients with chronic cough in the 4 countries and using similar protocols. Spot-morning-spot sputum specimens were collected. An additional sputum specimen (Xspot) was collected one hour after the first, and the yields of the first two or the three specimens collected as spot-morning-spot or spot-Xspot-morning were compared. Results. 216 patients had &gt;/= one positive smear. 210 (97%) were identified by the spot-morning-spot, and 210 (97%) were identified by the spot-Xspot-morning specimens, with 203 and 200 identified by the first 2 specimens of each approach, respectively. Neither difference was significant. Conclusions. The time to complete smear microscopy could be reduced.</p