Antidiabetic, hypolipidaemic and antioxidant activity of Dodonaea viscosa aerial parts in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

We evaluated the antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Dodonaea viscosa in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The water extract (DVW) and polar fraction of ethanol extract (DVE-4) in a single-dose one-day study showed dose-dependent reduction in glucose levels with maximum effect of 42.16% and 72.9% respectively at 6 h post drug treatment (p<0.001). DVE-4 was more active than DVW and glibenclamide. In a multi-dose fifteen-day study, lower doses of DVW (400 mg/kg) and DVE-4 (200 mg/kg) exhibited higher percentage reduction in glucose levels compared to glibenclamide treated group. Altered levels of lipids, TBARS, non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants were restored by DVW (400 mg/kg) and DVE-4 (200 mg/kg) in diabetic rats. In vitro steady state and time resolved studies reveled that DVW and DVE-4 showed comparable antioxidant ability in steady state and kinetic studies suggesting its possible role in observed antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic activities.Keywords: Antidiabetic, Antioxidant enzymes, Dodonaea viscosa, Free radical scavenger, Hypolipidaemic, Streptozotoci

Phenolic compounds isolated from Pilea microphylla prevent radiation-induced cellular DNA damage

AbstractSix phenolic compounds namely, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (1), 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (2), luteolin-7-O-glucoside (3), apigenin-7-O-rutinoside (4), apigenin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (5) and quercetin (6) were isolated from the whole plant of Pilea microphylla using conventional open-silica gel column chromatography and preparative HPLC. Further, these compounds were characterized by 1D, 2D NMR techniques and high-resolution LC–MS. Compounds 1–3 and 6 exhibited significant antioxidant potential in scavenging free radicals such as DPPH, ABTS and SOD with IC50 of 3.3–20.4μmol/L. The same compounds also prevented lipid peroxidation with IC50 of 10.4–32.2μmol/L. The compounds also significantly prevented the Fenton reagent-induced calf thymus DNA damage. Pre-treatment with compounds 1–3 and 6 in V79 cells attenuated radiation-induced formation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, cytotoxicity and DNA damage, correlating the antioxidant activity of polyphenols with their radioprotective effects. Compounds 1, 3 and 6 significantly inhibited lipid peroxidation, presumably due to 3′,4′-catechol ortho-dihydroxy moiety in the B-ring, which has a strong affinity for phospholipid membranes. Oxidation of flavonoids, with catechol structure on B-ring, yields a fairly stable ortho-semiquinone radical by facilitating electron delocalization, which is involved in antioxidant mechanism. Hence, the flavonoid structure, number and location of hydroxyl groups together determine the antioxidant and radioprotection mechanism

A Hierarchical Data Structure for A Non-Manifold B-Rep Modeler for Thin Components

Abstract This paper proposes a Hierarchica

Bilateral single-session retrograde intra-renal surgery: A safe option for renal stones up to 1.5 cm

Introduction: Assessment of treatment outcomes in patients undergoing bilateral single-session retrograde intra-renal surgery (RIRS) for bilateral renal stones up to 1.5 cm. Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of 74 patients was done with bilateral renal calculi, who underwent bilateral single-session RIRS at our stone referral hospital from December 2011 to May 2014. The selection criteria for this intervention were patient's preference, failure of other treatments and stone up to 1.5 cm. Patients with creatinine more than 2, pyonephrosis sepsis, bilateral impacted pelviureteric junction calculi were excluded from study. All patients were evaluated with serum biochemistry, urinalysis, urine culture, plain radiography of kidney-ureter-bladder, intravenous urography, renal ultrasonography (USG) and/or computed tomography (CT). Follow-up evaluation included serum biochemistry and postoperative plain film and renal USG. The success rate was defined as patients who were stone-free or only had a residual fragment of less than 4 mm. CT was conducted only in patients with residual stones, which were present in seven patients. Results: A total of 74 patients (50 male, 24 female) with a mean age 39.2 ± 15.2 were included in the present study. The mean stone size was 11.7 ± 2.4 mm. The stone-free rates were 86.84% and 97.29% after the first and second procedures, respectively. In eight patients (10.8%), minor complications were observed, whereas no major complications were noted in the studied group. There was no significant difference in pre- and post-operative serum creatinine levels. Conclusion: In patients with bilateral renal stones up to 1.5 cm bilateral single-session RIRS with flexible ureteroscope can be safely performed with low complication rate

Synchronous primary cancers of urinary bladder and kidney and prostate

Synchronous occurrence of two or more than two primary cancers of the urinary tract is quite rare, and poses a difficult treatment challenge. Here, we present a case of syn-chronous renal cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder and adenocarcinoma of prostate diagnosed within a short period. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported from India and the youngest patient reported in the literature having this combination of urinary cancers

Fixation of an ipsilateral bicondylar Hoffa's fracture via medial para patellar approach using multiple screws - A case report

Background: An ipsilateral bicondylar Hoffa's fracture having the simultaneous involvement of both the medial and the lateral femoral condyle on the same side is very rare. Choosing a surgical approach with limited access to fix Hoffa's fracture may lead to a non-anatomical reduction, ultimately ending up with sub-optimal results like malunion, non-union, knee stiffness, and early osteoarthritis. Case report: We herein discuss the successful management of an ipsilateral bicondylar Hoffa's fracture having a metaphyseal spike in a 37-year-old male with AP screws via the Medial Para Patellar approach (MPPA). We limited the fixation to only two 6.5 mm screws with washers through each condyle to minimize the damage to the intra-osseous blood supply. An apical screw was used instead of adding a plate posteriorly to minimize the iatrogenic damage to the extra-osseous blood supply of the condyles. The whole procedure was done without a tourniquet. The entry point of all the screws was from an extra-articular area anteriorly so there was no need to countersink the screw heads. The benefit of MPPA is that if arthroplasty of the knee is ever required, it can be performed through the original incision without damaging the skin's vascularity. Conclusion: Computed Tomography (CT) scan is indispensable for the exact fracture characterization of Hoffa's fracture, planning of surgical approach, and screw trajectory. In our experience, the medial parapatellar approach is dependable to deal with such fractures and provides adequate exposure for fracture fixation even if it is accompanied by a metaphyseal spike

Squamous cell carcinoma in exstrophic unreconstructed urinary bladder in an adult

Bladder exstrophy is rare and associated with an increased incidence of bladder cancer. Unreconstructed bladder extrophy presenting in an adult is very rare as most of the patients undergo repair in childhood. Most of the cancers are adenocarcinomas. We report a rare case of squamous cell carcinoma occurring in exstrophic unreconstructed bladder in a 58-year-old male patient

Collecting duct carcinoma: A rare renal tumor

The most common primary malignant renal tumor is renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which accounts for 3% of all adult malignancies. Bellini duct carcinoma or collecting duct carcinoma is an unusual rare variant of RCC. This histologically distinct tumor is very rare, with less than 100 cases reported in the literature, and accounts for approximately 1% of all malignant renal epithelial tumors. We report two cases of collecting duct carcinoma and highlight the rarity of these tumors and their similarity to RCC

Combination of Midazolam and Butorphanol for Sedation for Tympanoplasty under Monitored Anaesthesia Care

Background: Tympanoplasty is routinely done under local anaesthesia with sedation due to various advantages. Systemic analgesics and sedatives are generally given to improve the patient comfort. Aim & Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of combination of midazolam and butorphanol for sedation and to assess the sedation technique using midazolam and butorphanol for tympanoplasty under monitored anaesthesia care. Material and Methods: One hundred patients scheduled for tympanoplasty under local anaesthesia were given bolus doses of intravenous midazolam 0.03 mg/kg and butorphanol 0.03 mg/kg followed by midazolam infusion at 0.01 mg/kg/hr. If required, additional bolus doses of 0.01 mg/kg of both midazolam and butorphanol were given to achieve desired sedation and analgesia. The total dosage of midazolam and butorphanol, vital parameters, sedation score using Ramsay sedation score, pain score and surgeon satisfaction score using Numeric rating scale were recorded. Results: Ninety nine patients underwent tympanoplasty satisfactorily with sedation technique. Only one patient needed conversion to general anaesthesia. The mean duration of surgery was 92.7±8.16 minutes. The total midazolam and butorphanol dosages were 2.45±0.233 mg and 1.65±0.179 mg respectively. The desired Ramsay Sedation Score (RSS) of 3 and pain score Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) = 2.82±0.72) were achieved within 4-8 minutes. No side effects of excessive sedation were observed. Conclusion: Combined use of midazolam and butorphanol in low doses produces adequate sedation for tympanoplasty under local anaesthesia without serious adverse effects

Structure model of ferrochelatase from Salmonella Typhi elucidating metalation mechanism

A homology model of ferrochelatase (HemH), the heme biosynthesis terminal step enzyme from Salmonella Typhi was generated to understand the mechanism of metal insertion into protoporphyrin IX for heme biosynthesis. The overall fold of membrane associated ferrochelatase (StFc) from S. Typhi is similar to human and Yeast ferrochelatase than Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus anthracis. An insertion of 16 amino acid residues in helical switch having hydrophobic patch proposed to interact with membrane lipids and in opening and closing of heme binding cleft. The sequence analysis and the docking study revealed that the protoporphyrin binding site in StFc has a crucial replacement of Tyr/Met to Leu13 unique in comparison to other known structures, where Tyr13 observed in B. subtilis/B. anthracis while Met76 in human/yeast play important role in holding protoporphyrin in optimal orientation for metalation. A sitting-a-top (SAT) complex mechanism for metalation is proposed with His194 and Glu264 lie at the bottom and Leu13 on the top of the porphyrin ring. In addition, an entry and exit mechanism is also proposed for protoporphyrin binding into cavity by opening and closing of helical switch using molecular dynamics simulation studies of Apo and heme complexed model structure of S. Typhi HemH