The morphology and application of stem cells in digestive system surgery

Background: Stem cells constitute a group of cells which possess the ability to self-renew as well as the capacity to differentiate into a vast number of different cells within the human organism. Moreover, stem cells are able to undergo a potentially unlimited number of divisions and this characteristic is clinically essential. Specific fields of its application include treatment of diseases mainly in the field of haematology, orthopaedics, surgery, dentistry, and neurology. Materials and methods: In the following work, the current knowledge concerning mechanisms of stem cell treatment in different parts of the digestive system with its diseases as well as adjacent therapy for surgery has been revised. Results: Stem cells therapy may be used in the treatment of various diseases of different parts of the digestive system. This also applies to the end part of the digestive tract (proctological diseases) because stem cells can be used to treat fistulas. Liposuction allows more recovery of mesenchymal stem cells, compared to previous bone marrow harvesting methods. Despite the application of stem cells in the treatment of different diseases used for many years so far, the therapeutic use for the regeneration of the gastrointestinal tract is still rare and unfamiliar. Conclusions: Regenerative medicine seems to be a promising tool in medical research, especially when insulated cells and designed biomaterials are taken into consideration. Major points of discussion include types of stem cells, their origin or differentiation for the treatment of many diseases

The morphology and application of stem cells in digestive system surgery

Stem cells constitute a group of cells which possess the ability for self-renewal as well as the capacity of differentiation into a vast number of different cells within the human organism. Moreover, stem cells are able to undergo a potentially unlimited number of divisions and this characteristic is clinically essential. Specific fields of its application include treatment of diseases mainly in the field of hematology, orthopedics, surgery, dentistry, and neurology

State of the art for gastric signet ring cell carcinoma: from classification, prognosis, and genomic characteristics to specified treatments

Julita Machlowska,1,* Małgorzata Pucułek,1,* Monika Sitarz,2 Paweł Terlecki,3 Ryszard Maciejewski,1 Robert Sitarz1,3 1Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; 2Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland; 3Department of Surgery, St. John’s Cancer Center, Lublin, Poland *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: Gastric cancer (GC) is responsible for 9% of cancer deaths worldwide. Over 950,000 new cases are diagnosed each year, and about 90% of them are in advanced stage, requiring chemotherapy. In Europe there has been research based on pre- and postoperative chemotherapy treatment, using 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin, cisplatin, capecitabine, and docetaxel. Chemotherapy significantly impairs the quality of life of patients; however, the final effects are not always satisfactory. There is scientific evidence that gastric mucus tumors and signet ring cell carcinomas have a pattern of specific signatures, that distinguish them from other gastric cancer subtypes, and may be associated with a poor response to systematic treatment. Signet ring cell carcinoma is less chemosensitive than others, and the increase in the percentage of signet ring cells correlates with resistance to chemotherapy. Perioperative chemotherapy in advanced signet ring cell carcinomas is an independent factor of poor prognosis and survival, which is explained by the toxicity of neoadjuvant treatment. Therefore, curative surgical resection enhanced by standardized lymphadenectomy remains the recommended gold standard in GC therapy. According to presented studies, early detection and aggressive treatments for this subtype of GC is a reasonable approach. This review paper is mostly addressed to physicians who are interested in updating to the state of the art concerning different subtypes of gastric carcinoma. Keywords: gastric cancer, signet ring cells, CDH1, TP53, advanced stage, gastrectomy, adjuvant chemotherap