The CMO grants as an international promotion instrument for the european wine sector: the first decade of implementation (2009-2018)

El mercado internacional del vino ha registrado importantes cambios estructurales durante las primeras décadas del siglo XXI, tanto en la demanda como en la oferta. Por un lado, el incremento del consumo de vino en los nuevos mercados emergentes ha modificado las prioridades de los exportadores a la hora de diseñar sus estrategias internacionales; por otro, nuevas técnicas productivas y una globalización cada vez mayor, han alterado las cuotas de importación a favor de países no considerados hasta hace poco tiempo. Para mitigar el efecto derivado del incremento de la competencia, las naciones han puesto en marcha políticas económicas que pretenden respaldar su propio tejido productivo. A pesar de que los países del viejo continente lideran las cuotas de mercado a nivel mundial, la Unión Europea sigue destinando importantes recursos para fomentar la competitividad del sector vitivinícola a través de su Política Agraria Común (PAC) y de la Organización Común de Mercados (OCM). En este trabajo se realiza un análisis de la gestión de los fondos comunitarios para el sector, concretamente de su medida de promoción en los mercados de terceros países, con el objetivo de esclarecer el debate acerca de la eficiencia y eficacia de la subvención. A través del mismo, se pretende extraer conclusiones objetivas que puedan mejorar la asignación de los recursos destinados a la promoción internacional. Específicamente, (1) se analizan los niveles y la calidad de ejecución de la subvención, (2) se estudia el impacto de la medida de promoción en las exportaciones de vinos europeos hacia los mercados de terceros países y, por último, (3) se buscan patrones de ejecución comunes entre los distintos estados miembros con el fin de ofrecer soluciones concretas para futuras convocatorias. Para ello se ha seleccionado una serie histórica de diez años, desde la puesta en marcha de la medida objeto de estudio en el 2009, hasta el cierre de su segundo ciclo financiero en el 2018, no habiendo terminado el tercer ciclo a fecha de redacción de esta tesis doctoral. El trabajo compara los resultados de los cinco principales países beneficiarios de la medida: España, Francia, Italia, Portugal y Grecia durante este periodo. Tras la contextualización del mercado del vino a nivel mundial, se realiza una revisión de las principales herramientas de promoción utilizadas en el sector vinícola, incluyendo las nuevas necesidades generadas por la pandemia de la COVID-19 del 2020. Por último, se lleva a cabo un estudio comparativo descriptivo del impacto y del funcionamiento de la subvención en los cinco países y se analiza, a través de dos modelos, los diferentes factores que pudiesen afectar a la ejecución de la medida.The international wine market has undertaken important structural changes in the first decades of the 21st century, both in terms of demand and offer. On the one hand, the increase in the consumption of wine in new emerging markets has modified the priorities of exporters when it comes to designing their international strategies; on the other hand, new production techniques and increasing globalisation have changed the importation quotas towards countries that were not considered up until recently. In order to mitigate the effect deriving from the increase in competition, the nations have undertaken economic policies that intend to support their own productive tissue. Despite the countries of the old continent being the leaders in terms of market quotas on a global scale, the European Union continues to allocate important resources to increase the competitiveness of the winemaking sector by means of its Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the Common Market Organization (CMO). In this study, an analysis of the management of the European Union funds for the sector is undertaken, specifically regarding its promotion measure in third country markets, with the aim of clarifying the debate regarding the efficiency and effectiveness of the grant. Through this, it intends to extract objective conclusions that may improve the assignment of the resources allocated for international promotion. In particular, (1) the levels and quality of execution of the grant are analysed, (2) the impact of the promotion measure in the export of European wines towards third country markets is studied and, finally, (3) common execution patterns are sought out among the different member states with the aim of offering specific solutions for future calls for grants. In order to do so, a historic series of ten years has been chosen, from the beginning of the measure that is the subject of this study in 2009, to the end of its second financial cycle in 2018, with the third cycle not having finished at the time of writing this doctoral thesis. The study compares the results of the five main countries that benefit from the measure during this period: Spain, France, Italy, Portugal and Greece. After the contextualisation of the wine market on a global scale, a review of the main promotion tools used in the winemaking sector is undertaken, including the new needs created by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Finally, a descriptive comparative study of the impact and the function of the grant on the five countries is performed and it analyses, using two different models, the key factors that may affect the execution of the measure

Promotion of European Wines in Third Countries within the Common Market Organisation Framework: The Case of France

The international wine market has undertaken important structural changes in the first decades of the 21st century, both in terms of demand and offer. In order to mitigate the effect deriving from the increase in competition, the European Union (EU) continues to allocate important resources to increase the competitiveness of the winemaking sector by means of its Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the Common Market Organization (CMO). This paper aims to understand which factors have an influence on the correct implementation of the CMO measure of promotion in the principal wine exporter country: France. A fuzzy-set model (fs/QCA) has been utilized, studying a period of 10 years since 2009. Results show that is it possible to obtain a better execution ratio of measure of promotion by adapting some key factors, such as CMO budget allocation. These findings could support French national and regional authorities in the task of planning. Moreover, other Member States (MS) could also benefit, since in the new CAP approach, a higher participation in strategic plans is required for them by the EU

Expressed sequence tag analysis of the human pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast phase: Identification of putative homologues of Candida albicans virulence and pathogenicity genes

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a thermodimorphic fungus, is the causative agent of the prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America, paracoccidioidomycosis. We present here a survey of expressed genes in the yeast pathogenic phase of P. brasiliensis. We obtained 13,490 expressed sequence tags from both 5' and 3' ends. Clustering analysis yielded the partial sequences of 4,692 expressed genes that were functionally classified by similarity to known genes. We have identified several Candida albicans virulence and pathogenicity homologues in P. brasiliensis. Furthermore, we have analyzed the expression of some of these genes during the dimorphic yeast-mycelium-yeast transition by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Clustering analysis of the mycelium-yeast transition revealed three groups: (i) RBT, hydrophobin, and isocitrate lyase; (ii) malate dehydrogenase, contigs Pb1067 and Pb1145, GPI, and alternative oxidase; and (iii) ubiquitin, delta-9-desaturase, HSP70, HSP82, and HSP104. the first two groups displayed high mRNA expression in the mycelial phase, whereas the third group showed higher mRNA expression in the yeast phase. Our results suggest the possible conservation of pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms among fungi, expand considerably gene identification in P. brasiliensis, and provide a broader basis for further progress in understanding its biological peculiarities.Univ São Paulo, Dept Ciencias Farmaceut, Fac Ciencias Farmaceut Ribeirao Preto, BR-14040903 Ribeirao Preto, SP, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Fac Filosofia Ciencias & Letras Ribeirao Pret, BR-14040903 Ribeirao Preto, SP, BrazilInst Pasteur, Unite Genet Mol Levures, Paris, FranceUniv Vale do Paraiba, UNIVAP, Vale Do Paraiba, BrazilUniv Mogi das Cruzes, Nucleo Integrado Biotecnol, Mogi Das Cruzes, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Microbiol Imunol & Parasitol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Microbiol Imunol & Parasitol, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

EU online child safety: what does the literature say?

The purpose of this review is to introduce both the research and political context of the European Commission?s ISEC Illegal Use of the Internet work programme and the EU Online Child Safety investigation. This includes examining the social, psychological and legal contexts of online crimes perpetrated against children, inclusive of a holistic engagement with the relevant policy, legislation and law enforcement procedures within the European Union. The primary aim of this study is to explore the prevalence of online childhood sexual abuse (online CSA) including the production, distribution and collection of childhood indecent images, online grooming and elements of ?sexting? from the perspective of law enforcement and industry. The study covers four European countries and their associated practices: UK, Netherlands, Italy and Ireland, all of which will provide a comparative perspective of cross-cultural procedures and processes in law enforcement, industry practice and victimisation. This paper will address a summary of the key findings from the scoping phase covering all elements of the criminal justice process. Specifically, key summaries and themes emerging from the literature consulted are presented and recommendations are made for progress and as indicators for the project as it develops