27 research outputs found
Primjena kompetitivne ekskluzije u spreÄavanju zaraze bakterijom Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis u piliÄa.
A total of 250 newly-hatched broiler chickens allocated to two groups were used and two replicate trials were carried out. The chicks were dosed by gavage with commercial competitive exclusion (CE) product (trial groups) or with 0.5 ml of physiological saline (controls) at day 0, day 1 and day 5. On day 2, eight birds per tier were challenged by oral gavage with 0.5 ml of an approximate 107 organism/ml dilution of S. Enteritidis phage type 9a and were used as seeders. On the fifth day after challenge, and at 14 and 21 days of age, 12 chicks from each group were selected and Salmonellae were counted in their caeca. On days 14 and 21 the proportion of infected animals was significantly lower (P0.1) among treated groups with regard to the spleen colonization observed on days 14 and 21. On day 14, the number of chickens with infected spleen was 4/24 in challenge control and 9/24 in the treated group. On day 21 this proportion was 4/24 and 3/24, respectively. Commercial competitive exclusion product provided a significant protective effect against pathogenic S. Enteritidis PT 9a used for challenge.Ukupno 250 netom izleženih tovnih piliÄa koriÅ”teno je u dva usporedna istovjetna pokusa. PiliÄima je u preporuÄenoj dozi primijenjen komercijalni proizvod za kompetitivnu ekskluziju (CE) u dobi 0, 1 i 5 dana (pokusna skupina) ili fizioloÅ”ka otopina (kontrolna skupina). Drugog dana, 16 piliÄa bilo je zaraženo bakterijom Salmonella Enteritidis fagotipom 9a (suspenzijom s približno 107 bakterija/ml). Ti piliÄi bili su upotrijebljeni kao izvor zaraze i smjeÅ”teni zajedno s ostalim piliÄima pokusne odnosno kontrolne skupine. Petog dana nakon zaražavanja, tj. u dobi 14 i 21 dan, izdvojeno je 12 piliÄa po skupini kojima je odreÄen broj salmonela u sadržaju cekuma. Udio zaraženih piliÄa bio je znaÄajno manji (P<0,05) 14. i 21. dana u skupini koja je primila proizvod CE u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu. Od ukupnog broja piliÄa pokusne skupine, u 50% dokazana je infekcija 14. dana, dok se 21. dana taj broj smanjio na Äetvrtinu. Udio zaraženih piliÄa u kontrolnoj skupini iznosio je 21 odnosno 17 u odnosu na 14. i 21. dan. Salmonela je bila izdvojena 14. dana iz slezene 4 pileta kontrolne te iz 9 piliÄa pokusne skupine. Taj udio 21. dana iznosio je 4/24 u odnosu na 3/24. Ovim istraživanjem dokazan je znatan zaÅ”titni uÄinak kompetitivne ekskluzije u spreÄavanju zaraze patogenim sojem bakterije Salmonella Enteritidis fagotip 9a
Primjena kompetitivne ekskluzije u spreÄavanju zaraze bakterijom Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis u piliÄa.
A total of 250 newly-hatched broiler chickens allocated to two groups were used and two replicate trials were carried out. The chicks were dosed by gavage with commercial competitive exclusion (CE) product (trial groups) or with 0.5 ml of physiological saline (controls) at day 0, day 1 and day 5. On day 2, eight birds per tier were challenged by oral gavage with 0.5 ml of an approximate 107 organism/ml dilution of S. Enteritidis phage type 9a and were used as seeders. On the fifth day after challenge, and at 14 and 21 days of age, 12 chicks from each group were selected and Salmonellae were counted in their caeca. On days 14 and 21 the proportion of infected animals was significantly lower (P0.1) among treated groups with regard to the spleen colonization observed on days 14 and 21. On day 14, the number of chickens with infected spleen was 4/24 in challenge control and 9/24 in the treated group. On day 21 this proportion was 4/24 and 3/24, respectively. Commercial competitive exclusion product provided a significant protective effect against pathogenic S. Enteritidis PT 9a used for challenge.Ukupno 250 netom izleženih tovnih piliÄa koriÅ”teno je u dva usporedna istovjetna pokusa. PiliÄima je u preporuÄenoj dozi primijenjen komercijalni proizvod za kompetitivnu ekskluziju (CE) u dobi 0, 1 i 5 dana (pokusna skupina) ili fizioloÅ”ka otopina (kontrolna skupina). Drugog dana, 16 piliÄa bilo je zaraženo bakterijom Salmonella Enteritidis fagotipom 9a (suspenzijom s približno 107 bakterija/ml). Ti piliÄi bili su upotrijebljeni kao izvor zaraze i smjeÅ”teni zajedno s ostalim piliÄima pokusne odnosno kontrolne skupine. Petog dana nakon zaražavanja, tj. u dobi 14 i 21 dan, izdvojeno je 12 piliÄa po skupini kojima je odreÄen broj salmonela u sadržaju cekuma. Udio zaraženih piliÄa bio je znaÄajno manji (P<0,05) 14. i 21. dana u skupini koja je primila proizvod CE u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu. Od ukupnog broja piliÄa pokusne skupine, u 50% dokazana je infekcija 14. dana, dok se 21. dana taj broj smanjio na Äetvrtinu. Udio zaraženih piliÄa u kontrolnoj skupini iznosio je 21 odnosno 17 u odnosu na 14. i 21. dan. Salmonela je bila izdvojena 14. dana iz slezene 4 pileta kontrolne te iz 9 piliÄa pokusne skupine. Taj udio 21. dana iznosio je 4/24 u odnosu na 3/24. Ovim istraživanjem dokazan je znatan zaÅ”titni uÄinak kompetitivne ekskluzije u spreÄavanju zaraze patogenim sojem bakterije Salmonella Enteritidis fagotip 9a
Genotipovi bakterije Chlamydia psittaci u golubova u Hrvatskoj.
In this investigation fecal samples from a total of 232 homing pigeon lofts, belonging to both racing and breeding pigeons, were examined by specific real-time PCR to reveal the presence of Chlamydiaceae, and randomly collected Chlamydia positive samples were genotyped by two different molecular methods; C. psittaci-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and Multiple-Locus Variable number tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA), in order to obtain relevant information about the prevalence of different genotypes, and to reveal the potential threat to humans that come into close contact with homing pigeons. Chlamydiosis in birds manifests as an acute, unapparent, sub-clinical, and chronic disease, but frequently also as an asymptomatic infection, which represents an additional danger for public health. Currently, nine different genotypes of C. psittaci have been generally accepted, based on PCR amplification, as well as an additional six provisional genotypes, based on DNA microarray. The predominant serotype/genotype in pigeons is B, but also other genotypes were discovered, such as A, C and D, as well as mixed infection. Out of 232 examined samples, 30 (12.9%) of them were PCR positive. DNA from six random positive fecal samples was further examined and the presence of C. psittaci was confirmed in all of them. According to RFLP genotyping, from 6 C. psittaci positive samples, 4 of them belonged to genotype B, and 2 strains remained untyped, due to the low concentration of DNA isolated. Regarding the MLVA typing, the pattern assigned as 22146334 could be described as a classical āpigeonā MLVA pattern. The presence of 12.9% homing pigeons positive to Chlamydiaceae by PCR clearly demonstrates the presence of zoonotic microorganisms and a possible risk for pigeon fanciers that come in close contact with the birds.Ukupno su bila pretražena 232 uzorka izmeta golubova na prisutnost bakterija porodice Chlamydiaceae pomoÄu za Chlamydiaceae specifiÄne lanÄane reakcije polimerazom u stvarnom vremenu. NasumiÄno odabrani pozitivni uzorci pretraženi su i na prisutnost bakterije Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci), te su u sluÄaju pozitivnog nalaza i genotipizirani pomoÄu dvije razliÄite molekularne metode - MLVA i RFLP, kako bi dobili svrsishodne informacije o uÄestalosti razliÄitih genotipova, te otkrili potencijalnu prijetnju za zdravlje ljudi koji dolaze u bliži kontakt s golubovima. Klamidioza u ptica oÄituje se kao akutna, inaparentna, supkliniÄka ili kroniÄna bolest, ali Äesto i kao asimptomatska zaraza, Å”to predstavlja dodatnu opasnost za javno zdravstvo. Novijim istraživanjima, temeljenim na lanÄanoj reakciji polimerazom (PCR) naÄeno je devet razliÄitih genotipova C. psittaci. PrevladavajuÄi serotip/genotip u golubova je B, ali su u njih naÄeni i drugi genotipovi, kao Å”to su A, C i D, te mjeÅ”ovite infekcije. Od 232 pregledana uzorka, njih 30 (12,9%) bilo je pozitivno na prisutnost bakterija iz porodice Chlamydiaceae. NasumiÄno izabrana DNK Å”est pozitivnih uzoraka dodatno je pretražena i na prisutnost C. psittaci, te je nalaz bio pozitivan u svih Å”est uzoraka. PomoÄu PCR-RFLP metode, od 6 uzoraka pozitivnih na bakteriju C. psittaci, Äetiri su pripadala genotipu B, dok se dva uzorka nisu mogla pretražiti zbog niske koncentracije izdvojene DNK. PomoÄu MLVA metode, Äetiri pretražena uzorka oznaÄena su oznakom 22146334, Å”to se opisuje kao āgolubljiā genotip. Nalaz 12,9% golubova pozitivnih na prisutnost bakterija porodice Chlamydiaceae jasno pokazuje prisutnost uzroÄnika u jatima golubova u Hrvatskoj, te moguÄi rizik za uzgajivaÄe koji dolaze u bliski kontakt s pticama
Genotipovi bakterije Chlamydia psittaci u golubova u Hrvatskoj.
In this investigation fecal samples from a total of 232 homing pigeon lofts, belonging to both racing and breeding pigeons, were examined by specific real-time PCR to reveal the presence of Chlamydiaceae, and randomly collected Chlamydia positive samples were genotyped by two different molecular methods; C. psittaci-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and Multiple-Locus Variable number tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA), in order to obtain relevant information about the prevalence of different genotypes, and to reveal the potential threat to humans that come into close contact with homing pigeons. Chlamydiosis in birds manifests as an acute, unapparent, sub-clinical, and chronic disease, but frequently also as an asymptomatic infection, which represents an additional danger for public health. Currently, nine different genotypes of C. psittaci have been generally accepted, based on PCR amplification, as well as an additional six provisional genotypes, based on DNA microarray. The predominant serotype/genotype in pigeons is B, but also other genotypes were discovered, such as A, C and D, as well as mixed infection. Out of 232 examined samples, 30 (12.9%) of them were PCR positive. DNA from six random positive fecal samples was further examined and the presence of C. psittaci was confirmed in all of them. According to RFLP genotyping, from 6 C. psittaci positive samples, 4 of them belonged to genotype B, and 2 strains remained untyped, due to the low concentration of DNA isolated. Regarding the MLVA typing, the pattern assigned as 22146334 could be described as a classical āpigeonā MLVA pattern. The presence of 12.9% homing pigeons positive to Chlamydiaceae by PCR clearly demonstrates the presence of zoonotic microorganisms and a possible risk for pigeon fanciers that come in close contact with the birds.Ukupno su bila pretražena 232 uzorka izmeta golubova na prisutnost bakterija porodice Chlamydiaceae pomoÄu za Chlamydiaceae specifiÄne lanÄane reakcije polimerazom u stvarnom vremenu. NasumiÄno odabrani pozitivni uzorci pretraženi su i na prisutnost bakterije Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci), te su u sluÄaju pozitivnog nalaza i genotipizirani pomoÄu dvije razliÄite molekularne metode - MLVA i RFLP, kako bi dobili svrsishodne informacije o uÄestalosti razliÄitih genotipova, te otkrili potencijalnu prijetnju za zdravlje ljudi koji dolaze u bliži kontakt s golubovima. Klamidioza u ptica oÄituje se kao akutna, inaparentna, supkliniÄka ili kroniÄna bolest, ali Äesto i kao asimptomatska zaraza, Å”to predstavlja dodatnu opasnost za javno zdravstvo. Novijim istraživanjima, temeljenim na lanÄanoj reakciji polimerazom (PCR) naÄeno je devet razliÄitih genotipova C. psittaci. PrevladavajuÄi serotip/genotip u golubova je B, ali su u njih naÄeni i drugi genotipovi, kao Å”to su A, C i D, te mjeÅ”ovite infekcije. Od 232 pregledana uzorka, njih 30 (12,9%) bilo je pozitivno na prisutnost bakterija iz porodice Chlamydiaceae. NasumiÄno izabrana DNK Å”est pozitivnih uzoraka dodatno je pretražena i na prisutnost C. psittaci, te je nalaz bio pozitivan u svih Å”est uzoraka. PomoÄu PCR-RFLP metode, od 6 uzoraka pozitivnih na bakteriju C. psittaci, Äetiri su pripadala genotipu B, dok se dva uzorka nisu mogla pretražiti zbog niske koncentracije izdvojene DNK. PomoÄu MLVA metode, Äetiri pretražena uzorka oznaÄena su oznakom 22146334, Å”to se opisuje kao āgolubljiā genotip. Nalaz 12,9% golubova pozitivnih na prisutnost bakterija porodice Chlamydiaceae jasno pokazuje prisutnost uzroÄnika u jatima golubova u Hrvatskoj, te moguÄi rizik za uzgajivaÄe koji dolaze u bliski kontakt s pticama
Struktura ilegalno uvezenoga mesa i mesnih proizvoda i pojavnost bakterije Escherichia coli u uzorcima zaplijenjenima na graniÄnim prijelazima Republike Hrvatske
Prevention and control of foodborne diseases is an international public health goal. Legal imports of food of animal origin are monitored for contamination, and alerts are reported regularly, but food brought into the country illegally could represent a potential threat to consumersā health. In order to assess the level of the risk for public health from uncontrolled imported food of animal origin entering the Republic of Croatia, 83 meat samples were collected at 6 border points between Croatia and third countries. The origins of all confiscated samples were third countries, and the final destinations were EU countries and Switzerland. The weight of the confiscated samples ranged from 500 g to 108 kg. Special attention was focused on the presence of E. coli and its antimicrobial susceptibility. From altogether 83 confiscated meat samples, 8 were positive for E. coli. Although STEC and/or O157, as well as multidrug resistant E. coli were not found in the examined samples, illegally imported meat should be monitored continuously to prevent possible foodborne bacterial infections.Prevencija i kontrola bolesti uzrokovanih hranom meÄu glavnim su ciljevima javnoga zdravstva diljem svijeta. Legalan uvoz hrane redovito se prati službenim kontrolama i o tome se redovito izvjeÅ”Äuje. S druge strane, hrana koja se nezakonito unese u zemlju mogla bi biti potencijalna prijetnja zdravlju potroÅ”aÄa. Kako bi se procijenila razina rizika za javno zdravstvo, ukupno 83 uzorka mesa i mesnih proizvoda razliÄita podrijetla oduzeta su na Å”est graniÄnih prijelaza izmeÄu Hrvatske i treÄih zemalja. Posebna je pozornost bila usmjerena na prisutnost E. coli i njezinu antimikrobnu osjetljivost. Podrijetlo poÅ”iljki bile su tzv. treÄe zemlje, a konaÄna destinacija zemlje EU-a i Å vicarska. Težina zaplijenjenih poÅ”iljki bila je od 500 g do 108 kg. E. coli pronaÄena je u ukupno 8 zaplijenjenih poÅ”iljki. Iako u ispitivanim uzorcima nisu pronaÄeni STEC/O157 ni multirezistentna E. coli, nezakonito unesenu hranu svakako treba kontinuirano pratiti i pregledavati kako bi se sprijeÄilo Å”irenje bakterijske infekcije uzrokovane hranom
Aerobna mikroflora ÄovjeÄjih ribica (Proteus anguinus) s prirodnih staniÅ”ta i onih poplavama izbaÄenih na povrÅ”inu u Hrvatskoj
Proteus anguinus (olm) is an amphibian endemic to underground cave systems of the Dinaric karst of Central Europe, adapted to a life in complete darkness. Recent studies have demonstrated the global decline of amphibians due to poorly understood microbiological diseases, emphasizing just how little is known about the natural microflora of amphibians. Not much is known about the olmās microbiota in their cave habitats, and nothing is known about the microbiology of animals washed to the surface. This observational study describes the microbiological analysis of the skin, cloaca and oral cavity of six olms collected from their cave habitats, and 16 collected after being washed out by flows from two springs, to learn more about the olmās normal microbiota and possible changes after contact with the different environmental conditions on the surface. Standard microbiological procedures, MALDI-TOF and Real-Time PCR were used for microbiological species identification. All animals tested negative for Ranavirus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans and Chlamydia spp. The most abundant fungi isolated were Penicillium spp. and Cladosporium spp. The washed out animals showed a higher diversity of bacterial flora than those from cave habitats, with Acinetobacter johnsonii, Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus spp. and Janthinobacterium lividum as the most frequently identified isolates.Proteus anguinus (ÄovjeÄja ribica) endemski je vodozemac podzemnih voda Dinarskog krÅ”a srediÅ”nje Europe, prilagoÄen životu u potpunoj tami. Novija su istraživanja pokazala globalno smanjenje populacije vodozemaca, prvenstveno zbog nedovoljno istraženih bolesti, istiÄuÄi manjkavo poznavanje mikroflore vodozemaca. Ne zna se mnogo ni o mikroflori ÄovjeÄjih ribica s njihovih prirodnih staniÅ”a, a podataka o mikrobiologiji jedinki poplavama izbaÄenih na povrÅ”inu uopÄe nema. Ovim opservacijskim istraživanjem dobiveni su rezultati mikrobioloÅ”ke analize kože, kloake i usne Å”upljine Å”est ÄovjeÄjih ribica s njihovih prirodnih staniÅ”ta, te 16 jedinki prikupljenih nakon Å”to su poplavama izbaÄene na povrÅ”inu iz dvaju izvora. Željelo se saznati viÅ”e o normalnoj mikroflori ÄovjeÄjih ribica i o moguÄim promjenama mikroflore nakon dodira životinja s razliÄitim vanjskim utjecajima na povrÅ”ini. Identifikacija mikroba obavljena je standardnim mikrobioloÅ”kim metodama, te tehnikama MALDI-TOF i Real-Time PCR. Ni u jedne životinje nisu izolirani Ranavirus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans ni Chlamydia spp. MeÄu gljivicama, najzastupljenije su bile Penicillium spp. i Cladosporium spp. U životinja izbaÄenih na povrÅ”inu bakterijska je flora bila znatno raznolikija negoli u onih s prirodnih staniÅ”ta, pri Äemu su najzastupljeniji izolati bili Acinetobacter johnsonii, Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus spp. i Janthinobacterium lividum
Prevalence and Zoonotic Potential of Avian Chlamydia in Croatia
Uvod: Bakteriju C. psittaci moguÄe je pronaÄi kod razliÄitih vrsta ptica, ali i kod drugih životinja i ljudi. Nedavno su opisane nove vrste, C. gallinacea i C. avium, Äijim se nalazom mijenja slika jednog od uzroÄnika klamidioze u ptica. Genotipovi C. psittaci razlikuju se prema svojoj patogenosti, a oni izdvojeni iz papiga, purana i pataka posebno su patogeni za uzgajivaÄe ili vlasnike ptica, veterinare, radnike na peradarskim farmama i u klaonicama. Infekcije kod ljudi mogu proÄi inaparentno ili uz teÅ”ke kliniÄke znakove upale pluÄa. Asimptomatska infekcija se najÄeÅ”Äe javlja kod ptica, no moguÄe su i akutne sistemske ili kroniÄne infekcije.
Materijali i metode: Prisutnost C. psittaci kod ptica u Hrvatskoj mora se prijaviti prema zakonu, a sva registrirana jata golubova, papiga i drugih ptica moraju se pregledati jednom, a trgovine za kuÄne ljubimce najmanje dva puta godiÅ”nje. U razdoblju od 2008. do 2017. godine ukupno je pregledano 3283 uzoraka ptica primjenom metode PCR-a u stvarnom vremenu, a prisutnost Chlamydiaceae, C. psittaci i C. gallinacea dokazana je u uzorcima izmeta ili obriscima organa.
Rezultati i rasprava: Ukupno je 12% uzoraka bilo pozitivno na Chlamydiaceae. Od 2015. godine, prisutnost C. psittaci takoÄer je rutinski odreÄena te se 34.01% pozitivnih uzoraka identificiralo kao C. psittaci. Nalazi klamidije kod razliÄitih ptiÄjih vrsta ukazuju na važnost pravilne provedbe zaÅ”titnih mjera, uzimajuÄi u obzir zoonotski potencijal klamidije koja potjeÄe od ptica i peradi.Background: Zoonotic Chlamydia (C.) psittaci, can be found in different bird species, but also in other animals and humans. Recently, new species have been described, as C. gallinacea and C. avium, changing the perspective of a single causative agent of avian chlamydiosis. Genotypes of C. psittaci differ, according to their pathogenicity, and the ones isolated from parrots, turkeys and ducks are particularly pathogenic to bird breeders or owners, veterinarians, poultry farms and slaughterhouse workers. Infections in humans may pass unapparent or to the onset of systemic lung inflammation. Asymptomatic infection is most commonly found in birds, but acute systemic or chronic infections are also possible.
Material and Methods: Presence of C. psittaci in birds in Croatia must be reported by law, and all registered flocks of pigeons, parrots and other birds must be examined once, and pet shops at least twice a year. In the period from 2008 to 2017, a total of 3283 avian samples were examined by real-time PCR and the presence of Chlamydiaceae, C. psittaci and C. gallinacea were detected in faecal samples or swabs.
Results and Conclusions:
In total, 12% of the samples were found positive for Chlamydiaceae. From the 2015, the presence of C. psittaci has also routinely been determined, whereas 34.01% positive avian samples proved to be C. psittaci. Findings of chlamydia in various avian species indicates the importance of proper implementation of the protective measures, by taking into account the zoonotic potential of chlamydia originating from birds and poultry