A Qualitative Study of Supervisees’ Internal Representations of Supervisors

Eleven US-based doctoral student supervisees were interviewed regarding their internal representations (IRs) of their clinical supervisors. Data were analyzed using consensual qualitative research. In speaking about their overall IR experiences, supervisees reported that their exposure to IRs occurred at off-site practicum placements. The IRs, which were both spontaneous and intentionally invoked, usually were auditory in form, were stimulated by supervisees’ clinical work, were used to guide their clinical performance, and were considered a normal part of their development. When describing one specific IR, supervisees characterized the relationship with the supervisor as positive, and noted that supervision focused on clinical interventions. These brief and vivid IRs were auditory/verbal in form, occurred spontaneously, and consisted of the supervisor instructing or supporting the supervisee when s/he felt challenged or doubted her/himself clinically. The IRs yielded positive effects, but were usually not discussed with supervisors. Implications are addressed

Why and How to Study a Snowcover

Specialized terminology, duration, thickness, hardness, density of the snowcover of taiga and tundra are described. Methods for detailed study of these characteristics are given, with description and use of simple as well as specialized instruments and techniques in relation to winter ecology of mammals and birds

Why Kagame Should Not Seek Another Term

Recent constitutional changes in Rwanda cleared the way for President Paul Kagame to run for a third, fourth, and fifth term. Kagame expressed his interest in running for a third term in 2017 which he won in August. There is hopefully time to convince President Kagame that his current decision is not in the best interests of Rwanda, but merely self-interest. If Kagame stepped aside in 2017 he would have facilitated the country’s first peaceful transfer of power, respected the rule of law, and protected his own legacy. With his decision to seek a third term he risks international condemnation and loss of foreign aid

The Progress of Democratic Policing in Post-Apartheid South Africa

Since the end of apartheid in South Africa the country has been forced to democratize. A major part of that democratization is the new police organization that was implemented post-apartheid. This article looks at the policy changes in the police department and the effects these policies have had on making the South African police a democratic police force. Using data from the Afrobarometer, the public’s opinion of the new police over a three year span is analyzed to see if the police have succeeded in their new role in South Africa. Major changes were required to assist the South African police in becoming a democratic organization. These changes can be made quickly by passing new legislation, but the assimilation of these policy changes are not as fast. The South African police have made important strides to achieving democratic policing and the South African people have acknowledged such progress through their acceptance of the new South African Police Service

Clarification of some api characteristics in relation to caribou (Rangifer tarandus)

A total of 2177 comparisons of api hardness vs. density in northern Saskatchewan, southeastern Manitoba and northeastern Finland revealed no consistent correlation (r varied from +.70 to -.17). A total of 1395 comparisons of horizontal hardness of the top layer of api to vertical hardness of the same layer of api in southeastern Manitoba, northeastern Finland and far eastern middle Finland revealed no consistent correlation (r varied from +.99 to -.20). Therefore one cannot substitute density for hardness nor horizontal hardness of the top layer for vertical hardness of the top layer in the terms of the Värriö Snow Index

Reply to the Commentary by Dr. John C. Reed

The Commentary by Reed in Arctic 15:1 expresses opinions not shared by many of those who are interested in the future of the North. The quotation from Robertson, with which Reed agrees, is virtually a touch-stone for those engaged in the exploitative and extractive industries, whether in the arctic, temperate, or tropical zones. It is also, in my opinion, quite outdated. For example, it was formerly believed that the extractive industries were the mainstay of the non-military Alaskan economy, yet Buckley clearly showed that the financial return from fisheries and wildlife is greater. ... Perhaps the greatest obstacle to a balanced program of research on northern resources are inappropriate temperate zone concepts. All permanent human occupancy of land (as Dr. Bader points out) is based on local use of renewable resources. In the temperate zone man can get away with such misuse of the land as strip-mining and burning forests so as to expose the country rock because vegetational succession is relatively rapid and the land can recover. In the Arctic and Subarctic all schemes for exploitation and use must be rigidly controlled because the consequences of misuse (through faulty application of traditional temperate zone procedures) are extreme and long-lasting. The temperate zone concept of laissez-faire in regard to everyday use of renewable resources is a dangerous concept for the Arctic and Subarctic. ..

Quantitative differentiation of types of feeding craters of Rangifer tarandus fennicus

During winter 1983-1984 in the Kainuu region of eastern Finland, based on 1363 api profiles, the Värriö Snow Index (VSI) modelled 3 different types of feeding craters dug by Rangifer tarandus fennicus. When mean log VSI of control sites = < ca. 1.4, the animals used suov'dnji (Lappish) or individual, single-use excavations; when mean log VSI of control sites = > 1.4 < ca. 2.1, the animals used fies'ki (Lappish) or cooperative excavations of the perimeter of a site; when mean log VSI of control sites = > ca. 2.6, the animals switched to using ciegar (Lappish) or linear extensions of a suov'dnji, excavated by a sequence of individuals^iegar-type feeding resulted in reduction of mean log VSI of feeding sites even though VSI of control sites increased. Ciegar-type feeding is interpreted as a successful behavioural adaptation to the Sub-Marginal Period

Snow as a Factor in the Winter Ecology of the Barren Ground Caribou (Rangifer arcticus)

Discusses the effects of snow cover on the behavior, migration and species survival of caribou, from field studies in southern Mackenzie and Keewatin Districts during the winter 1957-58. Snow observation records were taken at 114 stations, caribou distribution was plotted during low altitude flights, and ground observations made of their behavior in relation to snow conditions. Correlations were found between areas of heavy caribou concentration and the snow hardness, density and thickness. Caribou appear to have sensitivity thresholds: approx. 50 gm/sq cm hardness for forest snow and 500 gm/sq cm for lake snow; approx. 0.19-0.20 density for forest snow and 0.25-0.30 for lake snow; and approx. 60 cm thinkness. When these thresholds are exceeded, the animals move to areas of softer, lighter and thinner snow. Location of the winter range and the timing, direction, speed and routes of annual migrations are intimately related to snow cover characteristics. Protection of vegetation in areas of favorable snow conditions may be of prime importance to the survival of caribou. Further research is needed