A rare case of small cell carcinoma of urinary bladder in a bladder diverticulum: Case report and review of literature

Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (SCCB) is a rare and aggressive non-urothelial tumour of the urinary bladder. It represents neuro endocrine type of malignancy, being diagnosed on histopathology and immuno histo chemistry. Bladder diverticulum tumours are rare and present with early lamina propria invasion. Furthermore, the risk of bladder perforation is high during resection due to the lack of muscle. Thus, these tumours have a risk of being under-staged and have a poor prognosis. Till now, very few cases have been reported of SCCB in bladder diverticulum. Multi-modality management in the form of combined chemotherapy and surgery is required for the optimal management. We report this rare case and review the literature for the management of SCCB in bladder diverticulum

Is retrograde intrarenal surgery the game changer in the management of upper tract calculi? A single-center single-surgeon experience of 131 cases

Introduction: Success of any modality for stone disease needs to be evaluated in terms of Stone Free Rates (SFR), auxiliary procedures needed; complications and follow up. SFR in RIRS is subject to parameters like stone burden, location, number, hardness, composition; calyceal and ureter anatomy; use of ureteric access sheath (UAS); surgeon experience etc. Methods: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of RIRS for managing upper tract stones. The objectives include evaluating SFR in RIRS in relation to stone burden, location and number. Other objectives include evaluating SFR after re RIRS in relation to stone burden, necessity of pre DJ stenting, use of UAS and post operative complication rate. 131 patients operated by single surgeon for single/multiple renal and/or upper ureteric stones were evaluated. Stone size > 3 mm on follow up CT KUB was considered as residual. Re RIRS was required for residual stones. Results: The overall SFR was 76%. SFR were statistically lower with stone burden > 1.5 cm, lower calyceal stones and single stones with stone burden > 1.5 cm. SFR was 90% after 2nd RIRS and 98.5% after 3rd RIRS procedure. No significant difference in SFR was noted between single v/s multiple stones, single calyx v/s multiple calyx stones and renal v/s upper ureteric stones. No major complication was noted. Conclusion: Larger stone burden and lower calyceal location are important factors deciding SFR in RIRS. With auxiliary procedure, RIRS is safe and effective compared to PCNL

European association of urology section of urolithiasis and international alliance of urolithiasis joint consensus on retrograde intrarenal surgery for the management of renal stones

Background: Retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) has become the preferred treatment modality for nephrolithiasis. However, because of ongoing uncertainties regarding the optimal perioperative management, operative technique, and postoperative follow-up, as well as a lack of standardization for outcome reporting, consensus is needed to achieve more uniform clinical practice worldwide. Objective: To develop recommendations for RIRS on the basis of existing data and expert consensus. Design, setting, and participants: A protocol-driven, three-phase study was conducted by the European Association of Urology Section of Urolithiasis (EULIS) and the International Alliance of Urolithiasis (IAU). The process included: (1) a nonsystematic review of the literature to define domains for discussion; (2) a two-round modified Delphi survey involving experts in this field; and (3) an additional group meeting and third-round survey involving 64 senior representative members to formulate the final conclusions. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: The results from each previous round were returned to the participants for re-evaluation of their decisions during the next round. The agreement threshold was set at 70%. Results and limitations: The panel included 209 participants who developed 29 consensus statements on the following topics of interest: (1) perioperative infection management; (2) perioperative antithrombotic therapy; (3) fundamentals of the operative technique; and (4) standardized outcome reporting. Although this consensus can be considered as a useful reference for more clinically oriented daily practice, we also acknowledge that a higher level of evidence from further clinical trials is needed. Conclusions: The consensus statements aim to guide and standardize clinical practice and research on RIRS and to recommend standardized outcome reporting. Patient summary: An international consensus on the best practice for minimally invasive surgery for kidney stones was organized and developed by two international societies. It is anticipated that this consensus will provide further guidance to urologists and may help to improve clinical outcomes for patients