172 research outputs found

    Copyright and Digital Teaching Exceptions in the EU: Legislative Developments and Implementation Models of Art. 5 CDSM Directive

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    Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).Article 5 of the 2019 EU Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market (CDSM) attempted to modernize the regime of copyright exceptions and limitations related to teaching activities. Its aim is to enhance the flexibility behind permitted uses to the benefit of educational institutions regarding their digital and cross-border teaching. The pressing need for such a legislative reform was confirmed by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, which dramatically moved teaching environments to online platforms. This paper dissects Art. 5 CDSM Directive unveiling three layers of analysis. First, the substance, logic, and promises of the new provision are introduced. Second, it identifies diverging national implementation models, developing a comparative study of the Hungarian, German, and Italian experiences. Third, drawing from the comparative study, the paper provides fundamental guidance in understanding whether Art. 5 CDSM Directive can be considered an evolution or, rather, a devolution of the copyright teaching exceptions in Europe. Focusing on the systematic concerns arising from the new provision, its embedded limits, and the strategic uses of the licensing carve-out, we conclude that the EU legislature has only partially achieved the goal of striking a more European, modern, and sustainable balance between copyright protection and the right to education in the digital environment.publishersversionpublishe

    Maestros, ideas y lecturas que cambiaron el pensamiento de Charles Robert Darwin - Teachers, ideas, and readings that shaped the thought of Charles Robert Darwin

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    This paper sets out to review Charles Darwin’s teachers, readings, and which ideas and other events had a definite impact on his mental framework, to the extent that they prompted him to dismiss some ideas while adopting others. When discussing Charles Darwin, we will devote to his ancestors, studies, teachers, friendships, readings, and the doubts that nagged him throughout his life. In short, we will refer to the whole collection of the personal experiences that shaped and transformed his thought, to the point of prompting him to write a book that shook up the world.En este ensayo nos proponemos exponer quiénes fueron los maestros, qué lecturas, ideas y qué otras circunstancias impactaron, definidamente, sobre la estructura mental de Darwin, al punto de hacerle abandonar algunas ideas y adoptar otras. Al hablar de Charles Darwin, nos ocuparemos de sus ancestros, sus estudios, sus maestros, sus amistades, sus lecturas y las dudas que lo acuciaron durante su existencia. En síntesis, de todo ese bagaje de experiencias que formó y transformó su pensamiento, al punto de producir una obra que revolucionó al mundo

    Platelet Function tests: A Comparative Review

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    In physiological hemostasis a prompt recruitment of platelets on the vessel damage prevents the bleeding by the rapid formation of a platelet plug. Qualitative and/or quantitative platelet defects promote bleeding, whereas the high residual reactivity of platelets in patients on antiplatelet therapies moves forward thromboembolic complications. The biochemical mechanisms of the different phases of platelet activation – adhesion, shape change, release reaction, and aggregation – have been well delineated, whereas their complete translation into laboratory assays has not been so fulfilled. Laboratory tests of platelet function, such as bleeding time, light transmission platelet aggregation, lumiaggregometry, impedance aggregometry on whole blood, and platelet activation investigated by flow cytometry, are traditionally utilized for diagnosing hemostatic disorders and managing patients with platelet and hemostatic defects, but their use is still limited to specialized laboratories. To date, a point-of-care testing (POCT) dedicated to platelet function, using pertinent devices much simpler to use, has now become available (ie, PFA-100, VerifyNow System, Multiplate Electrode Aggregometry [MEA]). POCT includes new methodologies which may be used in critical clinical settings and also in general laboratories because they are rapid and easy to use, employing whole blood without the necessity of sample processing. Actually, these different platelet methodologies for the evaluation of inherited and acquired bleeding disorders and/or for monitoring antiplatelet therapies are spreading and the study of platelet function is strengthening. In this review, well-tried and innovative platelet function tests and their methodological features and clinical applications are considered

    Robotic Splenic Flexure and Transverse Colon Resections

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    Since the 1990s, laparoscopic technique has become a standard approach for several surgical procedures in the field of colorectal surgery. Laparoscopic approach to splenic flexure and transverse colon cancer, however, is still a matter of debate and considered challenging for both anatomical and technical aspects. The relationship with the spleen and the absence of a consensus on the extent of surgery for splenic flexure cancer are two of several aspects that make splenic flexure surgery mostly debated. Robotic technique has overcome some pitfalls of laparoscopy, thanks to its stability of vision, tremor filtering, and fine movements of the robotic arms that can help in better identifying and managing both vascular structures and side organs, thus avoiding splenic and pancreatic injuries. In addition, robotic system can allow a better fashioning of the intracorporeal anastomosis, and the advent of fluorescence is useful to guide dissection and to evaluate the vascularization of the colon. Herein we discuss a standardized approach for robotic splenic flexure resection and transverse colon
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