Los servicios de salud y el mercado

En el presente artículo se realiza un análisis del mercado de los servicios de salud. Los servicios de salud, como los demás bienes, los demandan unos individuos mientras que otros individuos e instituciones los ofrecen. La demanda de servicios de salud y la oferta de éstos integran el mercado de servicios de salud. Las condiciones que se suelen dar en este mercado le alejan de lo que en economía se entiende como un mercado de competencia perfecta, resultando por lo tanto que no se suele alcanzar Ia eficiencia económica pues no se dan las condiciones para que el mercado pueda funcionar eficientemente.In the present article is analyzed the health services market. Health services, like other goods, are demanded by some individuals while other individuals and institutions offering them. The demand for health services and the supply of these make up the health services market. The conditions in this market usually give you away from what the economics are understood as a perfectly competitive market, resulting therefore you usually do not reach an economic efficiency because the conditions are not met in the market to function efficiently

La gestión sanitaria

La universalidad de la cobertura sanitaria, el envejecimiento de la población, la fuerte demanda de los servicios sanitarios, la introducción de tecnología punta, son algunas de las razones que han hecho que el gasto sanitario sea la partida que más haya crecido en los presupuestos estatales. Esto ha llevado a los gobiernos a establecer mecanismos de control del gasto para mantener el estado de bienestar que hace que la gestión sanitaria sea una auténtica necesidad. En los últimos tiempos todo lo que es técnicamente posible, ya no es económicamente asumible. Ello obliga a introducir conceptos económicos, tales como rentabilidad, eficiencia, y a buscar una relación idónea entre el coste de los beneficios y el beneficio social de los mismos para procurar una asignación equitativa de recursos sanitarios. De esta situación surgen conflictos entre los políticos, los expertos en gestión empresarial, los profesionales sanitarios, sobre todo clínicos, y los usuarios, a los que se dirige todo el sistema sanitario.The universal health coverage, the aging population, strong demand for health services, the introduction of cutting edge technology, are some of the reasons that have made health spending item that has grown in state budgets. This has led governments to establish control mechanisms expenditure of maintaining the welfare state makes health management is a genuine need. Lately everything that is technically possible, it is no longer economically acceptable. This requires introducing economic, such as profitability, efficiency, and to seek a suitable relationship between the cost of benefits and social benefits of the same to ensure an equitable allocation of health resources concepts. In this situation conflicts between politicians, business management experts, health professionals, especially clinicians, and users, to which the entire health system is directed arise

Obesidad, inflamación e insulino-resistencia: papel de los ligandos del receptor gp 130

Obesity can be considered as a low grade inflammatory disease, characterized by increased plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumoral necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), and acute phase reactant proteins like C-reactive protein. In this context, some cytokines of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family have been involved in the inflammatory processes associated to obesity. In addition to IL-6, the IL-6 cytokine family includes IL-11, ciliary neurotrophic factor (cntf), cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) y Oncostatin M (OsM). These proteins are also known as gp130 cytokines because all of them exert their action via the glycoprotein 130 (gp130) as a common transducer protein within their functional receptor complexes. However, their role in obesity and related disorders is controversial; thus, whereas some studies have described the involvement of gp130 cytokines in the development of obesity and its related cluster of pathophysiologic conditions like insulin-resistance, fatty liver and cardiovascular diseases, other trials have proposed the gp130 receptor ligands as therapeutic targets in the treatment of obesity and its related disorders. In fact, CNTF treatment has demonstrated to be effective in the reduction of body weight, by promoting the inhibition of food intake and the activation of the energy expenditure, together with an improvement of insulin sensitivity. This review analyzes the potential therapeutic role of some of the gp130 ligands in obesity and related diseases

Improving Motivation And Continuous Assessment In Engineering Classrooms Through Student Response Systems

The use of Student Response Systems (SRS) is highly recommended to encourage the active and meaningful learning of students in each lecture. SRS promotes the motivation of students and improves the system of continuous assessment. One of the most popular applications designed for SRS is Socrative (Socrative n.d.). The use of Socrative gives real meaning to continuous assessment, since the teacher has an easily manageable record of the evolution of their students‘learning and will help the teacher to schedule both formative and summative assessment. The application allows the detection of topics that each student may not have understood and determines the percentage of the entire class with the same difficulty. Beyond the use of Socrative as an evaluation instrument, sufficiently referenced, in this article we present different methodologies supported by SRS implemented in engineering studies at the University the Salamanca. The methodologies aim to promote autonomous work outside the classroom, and in face-to-face classes, to maintain the attention and lead the reasoning of the students to facilitate learning. The influence of the methodologies proposed by the authors on a series of indicators related to the motivation and commitment of the students to the subjects will be presented. To the best of our knowledge, most of the work on SRS have been applied to non-university educational levels and for assessment purposes and very few of them have applied SRS to undergraduate engineering studies. The novelty of this work lies in introducing new methodologies supported by SRS in university engineering studies

Diarium como herramienta didáctica para estudiantes de Máster

Memoria ID-0066. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2014-2015

Uso de sistemas de respuesta inmediata como instrumento de evaluación continua en materias de ciencias

Memoria ID-048. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2018-2019

Usnea aurantiaco-atra (Jacq) Bory: Metabolites and Biological Activities

Background: Lichens are complex symbiotic associations between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium. Due to their great adaptability to the environment, they have managed to colonize many terrestrial habitats, presenting a worldwide distribution from the poles to the tropical regions and from the plains to the highest mountains. In the flora of the Antarctic region, lichens stand out due to their variety and development and are a potential source of new bioactive compounds. Methods: A phytochemical study of the Antarctic lichen Usnea aurantiaco-atra (Jacq) Bory was conducted with the intention of determining the most important metabolites. In addition, the cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of its extracts were determined. Results: Cytotoxicity studies revealed that the hexane extract contains usnic acid as a majority metabolite, in addition to linoleic acid, ergosterols and terpenes, and demonstrates cytotoxic activity against an A375 melanoma cell line. On the other hand, the presence of total phenols in the extracts did not influence their antioxidant activity. Conclusions: U. aurantiaco-atra contains mainly usnic acid, although there are terpenes and ergosta compounds that could be responsible for its cytotoxic activity. The presence of phenols did not confer antioxidant properties.This work was supported by Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir” (Grant number: 2011-011-012).Biotecnologí

Design of Spatial-Mode (De)Multiplexer for Few-Mode Fibers Based on a Cyclically Used Michelson-Like Interferometer

Few mode optical fibers are a promising way to continue increasing the data rate in optical communications. However, an efficient method to launch and extract separately each mode is essential. The design of a interferometric spatial mode (de)multiplexer for few mode optical fibers is presented. It is based on a single Michelson-like interferometer which consists of standard optical elements and has a reflective image inverter in one arm. Particular care has been taken in its design so that both polarizations behave the same. Moreover, this interferometer can process several pairs of modes simultaneously. The multiplexer also consists of: a phase plate, focusing optics at both ports of the interferometer and elliptical core fibers to recirculate some outputs. It can multiplex ten spatial and polarization modes and it presents low losses and no intrinsic crosstalk between modes. Additionally, it is polarization insensitive, achromatic, compact and inexpensive. The same system can work as a demultiplexer when used in reverse. In this case, both the losses and the crosstalk remain very low. Similar designs that perform other functions, like an add-drop mode multiplexing, are also suggestedThis research was funded by: Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España, grant number AYA2016-78773-C2-2-P; Xunta de Galicia, Consellería de Educación, Universidades e FP, Grant GRC number ED431C2018/11; and European Regional Development FundS

Evaluation of the Level of Psychological Distress in Construction Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Southern Spain

The COVID-19 pandemic posed a major challenge for construction companies, which were confronted with the need to prevent the enormous negative socio-psychological impact of the pandemic on their employees. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of psychological distress among construction workers in an advanced phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Andalusia, southern Spain. For this, a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using online questionnaires with data on sociodemographic variables and employment situation, COVID-19 pandemicrelated data, and Goldberg’s General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). A total of 860 questionnaires from all provinces of Andalusia, Spain, were collected between March and May 2022. Descriptive statistical analyses and non-parametric Mann–Whitney U and Chi-squared tests were performed, followed by logistic regression analysis. The incidence of psychological distress was higher among women, individuals under 43 years of age, those with a family income below EUR 1200, participants whose working conditions had been affected by the pandemic, those who had not received adequate means or specific training to protect themselves from infection, those who had experienced symptoms, those who had suffered side effects after vaccination, and those who had been hospitalised. The logistic regression analysis predicted the occurrence of psychological distress in this study by the effect of the pandemic on mental/emotional well-being, the working conditions affected during the pandemic, health-related variables, and the age of the worker. The correctly classified percentage was 75.1%. Assessing psychological distress in construction sectors may allow for the identification of vulnerable groups or even help to reduce the number of errors in daily practice and potential risks of occupational injury or illness.This research is part of the project "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the emotional and occupational health of construction workers: Evaluation and intervention proposals" which was funded by the Andalusian Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Hazards (IAPRL), part of the Ministry of Employment, Training and Self-Employment of Andalusia (CTC-2022142721).Departamento de Biología Ambiental y Salud PúblicaDepartamento de Economía General y EstadísticaDepartamento de Enfermerí

Sistemas de aseguramiento y provisión de servicios sanitarios en el territorio español

El modelo empleado en otros países industrializados sirve para analizar las posibles alternativas a la hora de afrontar los diferentes retos de los sistemas sanitarios actuales con el fin de garantizar su eficiencia y sostenibilidad. La intensidad del control público sobre el sistema sanitario difiere según los países, desde modelos dirigidos por los gobiernos, sistemas mixtos o seguros privados. Dentro del marco de la economía de mercado y de la globalización y teniendo en cuenta la influencia de las organizaciones ligadas a los trabajadores y defensoras de un sector publico fuerte, se realiza una aproximación la modelo español y su Sistema Nacional de Salud.The model used in other industrialized countries is used to analyze the possible alternatives and models in existing health systems to ensure their efficiency and sustainability. The intensity of public control over the health system differs between countries, from models controlled by governments, private insurance, or mixed systems. Within the framework of the market economy and globalization we have to take into account the influence of organizations linked to workers to make an approach to the Spanish model and its National Health System