THE EFFECTS OF INITIAL EXOGENOUS FEED ON DIGESTIVE ENZYMES ACTIVITY AND GROWTH OF Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskal, 1775) LARVAE

The initial exogenous feeding is crucial in marine fish larviculture, including tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus). The transition from endogenous to exogenous feed is critical for the survival rate of the early stage of larvae. The exogenous feed can influence digestive enzymes activity and larval growth. This study was aimed to determine the role of initial exogenous feed on digestive enzymes activity and growth in the early stage of tiger grouper larvae. Two treatments tested were feeding larvae with exogenous feed and unfed larvae. The initial exogenous feed given was zooplankton rotifers Brachionus rotundiformis. Parameters observed were digestive enzymes activity, including protease, amylase and lipase; absorption of endogenous feed, and larval growth that consisted of total length and body weight. The result indicated that the digestive enzymes activity of unfed larvae were higher than those of fed larvae at 3 days old. Endogenous feed completely absorbed at 3 days old larvae. The total length of larvae was almost similar between the two treatments. In contrast, the body weight of fed larvae tends to be bigger than that of unfed larvae. Based on the results of this study, the initial exogenous feeding influenced digestive enzymes activity and growth of tiger grouper larvae in the early stage.Pemberian pakan eksogen awal merupakan hal yang penting dilakukan dalam kegiatan pembenihan ikan laut, termasuk ikan kerapu macan (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus). Peralihan dari pakan endogen ke pakan eksogen merupakan fase kritis bagi kelangsungan hidup larva ikan kerapu macan pada stadia awal. Keberadaan pakan eksogen dapat berpengaruh terhadap aktivitas enzim pencernaan dan pertumbuhan larva. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi peranan pakan eksogen awal terhadap aktivitas enzim pencernaan dan pertumbuhan larva stadia awal. Dua perlakuan yang diujicobakan adalah larva diberi pakan eksogen dan larva tidak diberi pakan eksogen. Pakan eksogen awal yang diberikan berupa zooplankton rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis. Parameter yang diamati adalah aktivitas enzim pencernaan yang meliputi protease, amilase dan lipase; penyerapan pakan endogen; dan pertumbuhan larva yang meliputi panjang total dan bobot tubuh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas enzim pencernaan larva umur 3 hari yang tidak diberi pakan awal adalah lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan larva yang diberi pakan eksogen awal. Pakan endogen habis terserap pada larva umur 3 hari. Panjang total larva pada kedua perlakuan adalah cenderung sama, sedangkan bobot tubuh pada larva yang diberi pakan awal lebih besar dibandingkan yang tidak diberi pakan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemberian pakan eksogen awal berpengaruh terhadap aktivitas enzim pencernaan dan pertumbuhan larva ikan kerapu macan pada stadia awal

Pengaruh pemberian sari buah belimbing wuluh(Averrhoe bilimbi L.) per oral terhadap profil lipoprotein, kadar gula dan asamurat serum darah tikus putih (Ratus Novergicus) = The Effect of Belimbing Wuluh ...

ABSTRACT: Buah belimbing wuluh dipercaya masyarakat sebagai obat tradisional yang mampu menurunkan tekanan darah tinggi dan mencegah kenaikan kadar kolesterol. Untuk mengetahui hal ini diadakan penelitian tentang pengaruh pemberian sari buah belimbing wuluh terhadap profil lipoprotein dan efek samping yang mungkin ditimbulkan. Dua puluh lima ekor tikus putih jantan digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Tikus-tikus tersebut dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok perlakuan, dengan ulangan masing-masing 5 ekor. Dosis sari buah belimbing wuluh yang diberikan per-oral sebanyak 1,42,8 dan 5,6 gr/hari/200 gr berat badan selama 6 minggu, dilakukan setelah perlakuan hiperlipidemia selama 2 minggu. Parameter yang diukur adalah: kadar kolesterol total, kolesterol-HDL, koIesteroI-LDL, kolesterol-VLDL, trigliserida, glukosa dan asam urat serum darah. Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah ANOVA dengan P < 0,05 dan tes korelasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian sari buah belimbing wuluh sampai dosis 5,6 gr/hari tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap penurunan kadar kolesterol. Peningkatan kadar kolesterol-HDL dimulai pada dosis 2,8 gr/haripenurunan kadar koIesteroI-LDL dimulai pada dosis 1,4 gr/hari, sedangkan kecenderangan penurunan kadar kolesterol-VLDL dimulai pada dosis 5,6 gr/hari. Kadar glukosa dan asam urat darah tidak meningkat selama perlakuan tersebut. Kata kunci: belimbing wuluh - kolesterol - lipoprotein - glukosa - asam ura

POLA AKTIVITAS ENZIM PENCERNAAN LARVA IKAN KERAPU MACAN (Epinephelus fuscogutattus Forsskal, 1775)

Masalah utama yang masih dihadapi dalam usaha budidaya ikan kerapu macan adalah tingkat mortalitas yang tinggi pada stadia larva. Perkembangan struktur sistem pencernaan dan fungsi enzimatik yang masih sederhana dan belum sempurna diyakini merupakan salah satu penyebab terjadinya hal tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mendeteksi waktu awal aktivitas enzim pencernaan dan (2) mengetahui pola aktivitas enzim pencernaan pada larva umur 1 hingga 20 hari. Enzim yang dianalisis meliputi protease, amilase, dan lipase. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan melakukan pengamatan secara berkesinambungan terhadap perkembangan yang terjadi secara alami pada larva selama periode waktu tertentu. Larva dipelihara di dalam hatcheri. Pakan yang diberikan kepada larva meliputi pakan alami rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis dan pakan buatan. Pengambilan sampel larva dilakukan pada larva umur 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, dan 20 hari. Variabel yang diamati meliputi: aktivitas enzim, jumlah pakan alami pada saluran pencernaan larva dan histologis larva. Data hasil pengukuran dianalisis secara deskriptif kuantitatif dan ditampilkan dalam bentuk grafik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) aktivitas amilase dan lipase mulai terdeteksi pada larva umur 1 hari, sedangkan protease mulai terdeteksi pada larva umur 2 hari, (2) pada larva umur 1 hingga 20 hari, pola aktivitas protease dan amilase menunjukkan peningkatan dari larva umur 1 hingga 11 hari, dan kemudian cenderung menurun, sedangkan pola aktivitas lipase menunjukkan penurunan dari larva umur 1 hingga 8 hari, kemudian cenderung meningkat. Aktivitas protease dan amilase yang tertinggi selama periode waktu tersebut terjadi pada larva umur 11 hari, sedangkan aktivitas lipase yang tertinggi pada larva umur 17 har

MUTASI MISSENSE (P.374PHE/LEU) PADA EKSON 5 GEN MATP, PENYEBAB OCULOCUTANEOUS ALBINISM TIPE 4 (OCA4) DI WONOSOBO, JAWA TENGAH

Albinisme merupakan kelainan genetik autosomal resesif berupa gangguan sintesis melanin yang terjadi pada manusia. Albinisme dibagi menjadi dua kelompok besar, yaitu Ocular Albinism (OA) dan Oculocutaneous Albinism (OCA). Berdasarkan gen yang mengalami mutasi, OCA dibedakan menjadi 4 tipe yaitu OCA1, OCA2, OCA3 dan OCA4. OCA4 disebabkan mutasi pada gen MATP. Penelitian yang telah dilakukan dengan PCR-SSCP (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Single Stranded Conformation Polymorphism) mendeteksi adanya mutasi pada ekson 5 gen MATP, pada penderita albinisme di Wonosobo, Jawa Tengah. Sekuensing ekson 5 gen MATP dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi tipe mutasinya. DNA diisolasi dari sampel darah penderita dan digunakan sebagai template untuk amplifikasi ekson 5 gen MATP dengan metode PCR. Produk PCR selanjutnya digunakan sebagai template untuk sekuensing dengan metode Sanger. Hasil sekuensing dianalisis menggunakan program Clustal-W dan dibandingkan dengan sekuens ekson 5 gen MATP dari International DNA Data Base (nomer akses AF172849.1). Hasil analisis menunjukkan adanya pada perubahan basa nukleotida no.1122 dari C menjadi G (c.1122 C>G) yang mengakibatkan mutasi missense, yaitu fenilalanin menjadi leusin, pada asam amino nomer 374 (p.374 Phe/Leu)

Characterization of envelope-transmembrane Gene of Jembrana Disease Virus Tabanan 1995 Isolate

The availability of specific and rapid detection methods is essential for monitoring the health status of farmed species, particularly in viral disease as in this case early diagnosis is a critical factor in containing disease outbreaks. Jembrana Disease Virus (JDV) is a lentivirus that causes an acute, severe disease syndrome in infected Bali cattle in Indonesia, resulting in heavy economic losses because of the high mortalities. The virus-host interaction and the modes of transmission are still unknown. The goal of the research was to designa probe candidate of Jembrana Disease Virus based on envelope-transmembrane (env-tm) gene to optimize Jembrana disease detection method. The DNA fragment derived from env-tm of JDV was used, cloned in pGEX-TM and expressed in E.coli DH 5α. Sequence analysis was conducted with BLAST programs from NCBI. Sequence analyses of the fragments of env-tm clone, indicated that it has a very closed genetic relation with 97,68% homology identity. Probe was designed based on the conserved region of env-tm using Geneious resulted in JT2 252 bp long. BLAST analyses showed that probes had high specifity to other strains of JDV in Indonesia.Key words : probe, env-tm, JDV, specifity, sensitivity

Pengaruh interval Booster terhadap produksi antibodi pada lele dumbo (Clarias gariepinus) yang divaksin debris aeroromonas hydrophila=The effect of booster intervals on antibody production in African catfish (Clarias gar

Vaccination is the one method to control disease of Motile Aeromonas Septicemia on African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). The aim of this research was to determine the effect of booster intervals using Aeromonas hydrophila debris on immune response of African catfish. The research was constructed as CRD, c.i. 95 %. Firstly, thirty five catfish were reinfected and reisolated (three times) with A. hydrophila. The virulent A. hydrophila was broken by sonication into debris. Thirty catfish were divided into six treated groups, i.e.(1) control [Kj](2) placebo control [K2] with debris vaccination(3) without bosster [Pi](4) once booster [132](5) twice boosters [133](6) three times boosters [N. Booster interval was once a week. Data were taken for ten weeks. The parameter assessed was antibody titer were analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan\u27s Multiple Range Test. The research showed that the highest antibody titer was reached on the 2nd â 3 rd week, and significan differences among all treatments and controls. The vaccination could increase the adaptive response immunity through the increase of antibody titer. Debris vaccine with three times boosters [134] was the most effective vaccination. Key words: Aeromonas hydrophila, antibody, booster, debris

Total Fat, Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) Contents During Ecdysis process in the Crabs (Scylla serrata, Forsskal)

Crab is one of the most abundant marine animals in Indonesia. Crabs not only rich of nutrient, but also have commercial value. Today, there is an innovation in crab aquaculture use ecdysis mechanism, known as soft shell crab. However, the limited studies about biochemical and nutritional composition of this crab remain to be explored. The aims of this research were to understand total fat, calcium, iron, and zinc contents of crab (Scyllaserrata) during ecdysis process until being soft shell crab comparing to the hard shell crab from the same species. This research was done using crab Scylla serrata, male, weighing ± 150-180 gr, completely randomized design with four variations of treatment, during 8 days, 16 days, soft shell crab, and control, repeated 3 times. Samples from each treatment were grown and were prepared for the chemical analysis. Total fat was measured usingSoxhlet method with chloroform and methanol (1:2, v/v) as solvent. Atomic absorption spectrometer was used to measure calcium, iron, and zinc contents. Then, the result were analyzed using one way Anova and Duncan 5 %. The results showed that the total fat, calcium and zinc contents of soft shell crab Scylla serrata were higher and significantly different with three other treatments. It could be concluded that the ecdysis process, raised total fat, calcium and zinc contents of crab Scylla serrata. The total fat, calcium, and zinc contents of soft shell crab Scylla serrata was higher than that of hard shell crab from the same species

Anthocyanin, nutrient contents, and antioxidant activity of black rice bran of Oryza sativa L. ‘Cempo Ireng’ from Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The chemical contents and health benefits of black rice bran of some rice cultivars have been investigated. However, there has been little research on the ‘Cempo Ireng’ cultivar from Sleman, Yogyakarta. The aim of this present study was to determine the anthocyanin, antioxidant activity, and macro- and micronutrients contents of black rice bran from this local cultivar. The anthocyanin in the black rice bran was extracted using the maceration method with methanol as a solvent. The extract obtained was separated through a preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) of silica GF254 and a mobile phase composed of n-butanol, acetic acid, and water. Two fractions were collected and analyzed for the anthocyanin content. The preparative TLC spots were separated for further detection and measurement of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside using HPLC followed by LC-MS. The antioxidant activity of the fractions were measured using the DPPH free radical scavenging method. The results showed that the anthocyanin in fraction 1 was identified as cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (66.1 ± 10.6 µg/g). The IC50 of fractions 1 and 2 were 200.96 and 218.36 µg/mL, respectively. Analysis of the macro- and micronutrients revealed that the black rice bran of ‘Cempo Ireng’ had nutrient contents comparable with other rice cultivars. Therefore, this local black rice bran can be used as a source of antioxidants and macro-- and micronutrients

Ethnopharmacology of Hyptis capitata

Hyptis capitata is one of the important traditional medicinal plants, in which different parts of the plant are used in various countries in treating several diseases. This review was conducted to present a comprehensive overview of distribution, taxonomic characters, ethnobotany and the various pharmacological properties of H. capitata This review presents scientific information about pharmacological potentials of H. capitata as a medicinal ingredient and its opportunities to be developed and utilized more broadly. The literature review was carried out on both abstracts and full articles, further analyzed and included in this review. H. capitata is used to treat various diseases such as fever, digestive disorders and open wounds. The pharmacological study of H. capitata showed that this plant has the potential to be developed as an antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral and anticancer. Due to being widely used by the community, further studies regarding the pharmacological potential and the safety parameters of H. capitata are needed

Total Fat, Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) Contents During Ecdysis Process in the Crabs (Scylla Serrata, Forsskal)

Crab is one of the most abundant marine animals in Indonesia. Crabs not only rich of nutrient, but also have commercial value. Today, there is an innovation in crab aquaculture use ecdysis mechanism, known as soft shell crab. However, the limited studies about biochemical and nutritional composition of this crab remain to be explored. The aims of this research were to understand total fat, calcium, iron, and zinc contents of crab (Scyllaserrata) during ecdysis process until being soft shell crab comparing to the hard shell crab from the same species. This research was done using crab Scylla serrata, male, weighing ± 150-180 gr, completely randomized design with four variations of treatment, during 8 days, 16 days, soft shell crab, and control, repeated 3 times. Samples from each treatment were grown and were prepared for the chemical analysis. Total fat was measured usingSoxhlet method with chloroform and methanol (1:2, v/v) as solvent. Atomic absorption spectrometer was used to measure calcium, iron, and zinc contents. Then, the result were analyzed using one way Anova and Duncan 5 %. The results showed that the total fat, calcium and zinc contents of soft shell crab Scylla serrata were higher and significantly different with three other treatments. It could be concluded that the ecdysis process, raised total fat, calcium and zinc contents of crab Scylla serrata. The total fat, calcium, and zinc contents of soft shell crab Scylla serrata was higher than that of hard shell crab from the same species