Power Consumption Analysis, Measurement, Management, and Issues:A State-of-the-Art Review of Smartphone Battery and Energy Usage

The advancement and popularity of smartphones have made it an essential and all-purpose device. But lack of advancement in battery technology has held back its optimum potential. Therefore, considering its scarcity, optimal use and efficient management of energy are crucial in a smartphone. For that, a fair understanding of a smartphone's energy consumption factors is necessary for both users and device manufacturers, along with other stakeholders in the smartphone ecosystem. It is important to assess how much of the device's energy is consumed by which components and under what circumstances. This paper provides a generalized, but detailed analysis of the power consumption causes (internal and external) of a smartphone and also offers suggestive measures to minimize the consumption for each factor. The main contribution of this paper is four comprehensive literature reviews on: 1) smartphone's power consumption assessment and estimation (including power consumption analysis and modelling); 2) power consumption management for smartphones (including energy-saving methods and techniques); 3) state-of-the-art of the research and commercial developments of smartphone batteries (including alternative power sources); and 4) mitigating the hazardous issues of smartphones' batteries (with a details explanation of the issues). The research works are further subcategorized based on different research and solution approaches. A good number of recent empirical research works are considered for this comprehensive review, and each of them is succinctly analysed and discussed

C-S Bonds via C-H Functionalization

The development of C-S bonds-making methodology is mainly explored by condensing metal thiolate with prefunctionalized organic substrates. However, the synthesis of C-S bonds via C-H functionalization reactions has a significant impact on organic chemistry. Herein, we have collected the literature based on various C-S bond formation reactions via C-H functionalizations. This article has been subdivided into four categories: (i) metal-catalysis, (ii) metal-free reagent, (iii) photoredox catalysis, and (iv) electrochemical-based

Direct c-s bond functionalization of benzyl mercaptan

Cleavage of a C–S bond of benzyl mercaptan led to formation of a new C–C bond during (Z)-selective alkenylation of nitriles using 1,10-phenanthroline as organocatalyst and tBuOK as a base. Furthermore, we have shown that the cascaded functionalization of benzylic C–S and aryl–halide bonds could be done in one pot. 1H NMR study and kinetic experiments also helped to establish the mechanism of the reaction

3-arylsulfonylquinolines from n-propargylamines via cascaded oxidative sulfonylation using dabso

We report a cascaded oxidative sulfonylation of N-propargylamine via a three-component coupling reaction using DABCO·(SO2)2 (DABSO). 3-Arylsulfonylquinolines were obtained by mixing diazonium tetrafluoroborate, N-propargylamine, and DABSO under argon atmosphere in dichloroethane (DCE) for 1 h. In a radical pathway, DABSO was utilized as the sulfone source and an oxidant in this radical-mediated cascaded reaction

N-Iodosuccinimide as bifunctional reagent in (E)-selective C(sp2)−H sulfonylation of styrenes

Herein we report the use of N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) as a bifunctional reagent for a regio- and (E)-selective C(sp2)-H sulfonylation reaction of styrenes. Styrenes and sulfonyl hydrazides treated with NIS and potassium carbonate in ethanol at 70 °C resulted in (E)-vinyl sulfones exclusively with good to excellent yields. NIS, plays a dual role to generate sulfonyl radical from sulfonyl hydrazides at an initial stage and finally gives β-iodosulfone intermediate which was further converted to (E)-vinyl sulfones. Overall, a sustainable method for mild, metal free, convenient, one pot and direct synthesis of (E)-vinyl sulfones from styrenes are demonstrated via a C−S coupling reaction

tBuOLi-promoted terminal alkyne functionalizations by aliphatic thiols and alcohols

Selective radical addition to terminal alkynes is always a difficult task to achieve because it gives a mixture of stereo- and regioisomers. Herein we describe the selective addition of aliphatic thiols or alcohols to N-phenylpropiolamides (terminal alkynes) using lithium tert-butoxide (tBuOLi) in ethanol as a promoter. Mechanistically, it has been shown that the reaction proceeded through the generation of a thiyl radical intermediate, and the amide group in N-phenylpropiolamide could help in the activation of the alkyne, which led to thioacetalization via the formation of a (Z)-selective anti-Markovnikov vinyl sulfide. The (Z)-selectivity during the formation of vinyl sulfides was controlled by an intramolecular sulfur⋯oxygen interaction

λ3-Iodanes as visible light photocatalyst in thioacetalization of aldehydes

Introduction of an iodine(III) reagent as visible-light photocatalyst for chemoselective dithioacetalization has been the limelight of the current methodology. The mechanistic investigations reveal that the reactions proceeded via radical pathway upon light induced hemolytic cleavage of C–I bond of the catalyst. Several dithioacetals were easily accessible at room temperature and environmentally benign condition

Noncovalent interactions in C–S bond formation reactions

Organosulfur compounds are omnipresent in many drugs, natural products, and functional materials; therefore, methodologies of C–S bond formation reactions are desirable in synthesis. The recent trend to control many chemical reactions by cooperative multiple weak interactions have emerged as one of the popular topics in supramolecular catalysis. Herein, we have made a collection of literature which utilizes multiple noncovalent interactions like H-bonding, solvent bonding, S–H···π, C–H···π, π–π stacking, charge-transfer complexation, etc. toward aryl C–S bond-formation reactions

Metal-free C–S coupling of thiols and disulfides

In organic synthesis, transition-metal and photoredox-catalysis-based reaction systems are emerging trends for the construction of C–S bonds. Many review articles have recently appeared in this field; however, we present herein an overview of metal-free C–S coupling reactions using thiols or disulfides as sulfur surrogates. The oxidants we have considered include peroxides, tert-butyl nitrite (TBN), DDQ, iodine reagents, and molecular oxygen. In addition, selective electrochemical oxidative transformations are also covered with mechanistic details