A rare case of endometriosis to clear cell ovarian carcinoma: a case report

Clear cell carcinoma of ovary is a rare tumour with a very low incidence in pregnancy. It is attributed to develop from an existing background of endometriosis. There are very few case reports of the above combination tumours in pregnancy. It is a very aggressive tumour with a worse prognosis and low survival rate because of its peculiar chemo resistant nature. Early detection and effective treatment are the best approach. The treatment options for advanced stages are still under research

Embodied and operational energy of rural dwellings in India

On a global scale, buildings are responsible for significant energy consumption. While the energy intake of urban buildings has been studied well, there are barely any studies on rural dwellings. The current paper examines the embodied energy (EE), operational energy (OE) and life-cycle energy (LCE) of 27 rural dwellings spread across four climate zones of India. It is found that these rural dwellings use locally available least-processed natural materials with very low EE. However, with the advent of modern transportation, manufactured energy-intensive construction materials have reached rural areas. From the analysis it is seen that the EE ranges from 0.002 to 2.8 GJ/m2, the annual OE from 0.006 to 0.053 GJ/m2 and the LCE from 0.77 to 4.05 GJ/m2 for the rural dwellings studied, with mass ranging from 1.13 to 3.6 t/m2

Apoptosis in epithelial ovarian tumors

It is now recognized that apoptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of tumors. This study evaluated the extent of apoptosis in different grades of ovarian tumors and correlated it with the expression of apoptosis regulatory genes, p53 and bcl-2 and with the total proliferative compartment of the tumor defined by the expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Apoptosis was evaluated by the TUNEL(Tdt-mediated dUTPbiotin nick end labelling) assay. Expressions of p53, bcl-2 and PCNA were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. A negative correlation was observed between the expression of bcl-2 and the extent of apoptosis (r=–0.3336, p=0.019). P53 accumulation directly correlated with the extent of apoptosis (r=0.485, p=0.00041). The labelling index of PCNA also showed correlation with expression of p53 (r=0.49, p=0.00000). Apoptosis was significantly higher in poorly differentiated tumors when compared to the well- and moderately-differentiated tumors (r=0.49152, p=0.00034). Such poorly-differentiated tumors also showed high p53 overexpression and loss of bcl-2 expression. The present study thus provides evidence that dysregulation of apoptosis and its regulatory genes is associated with increasing malignant potential and may thus contribute to the pathogenesis of ovarian tumors