27 research outputs found
Characterization of Losses in Superconducting Radio-Frequency Cavities by Combined Temperature and Magnetic Field Mapping
Superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities are one of the fundamental building blocks of modern particle accelerators. To achieve the highest quality factors (1010-1011), SRF cavities are operated at liquid helium temperatures. Magnetic flux trapped on the surface of SRF cavities during cool-down below the critical temperature is one of the leading sources of residual RF losses. Instruments capable of detecting the distribution of trapped flux on the cavity surface are in high demand in order to better understand its relation to the cavity material, surface treatments and environmental conditions. We have designed, developed, and commissioned two novel diagnostic tools to measure the distribution of trapped flux at the surface of SRF cavities. One is a magnetic field scanning system (MFSS) which uses cryogenic Hall probes and anisotropic magnetoresistance sensors that fit the contour of a 1.3 GHz cavity. The second setup is a stationary, combined magnetic and temperature mapping system which uses AMR sensors and carbon resistor temperature sensors, covering the surface of a 3 GHz SRF cavity. The MFSS system revealed a non-uniform distribution of trapped flux on the cavities’ surface, dependent on the magnitude of the applied magnetic field during field-cooling below the critical temperature. The MFSS shows that magnetic field scanning as a function of the RF field indicates redistribution of trapped flux at some locations. About ∼ 33% of hot-spots observed by temperature mapping during high power RF tests overlapped with the high B-field spots. Almost all high B-field spots observed after field-cool were found to be overlapped on grain boundaries. A clear correlation between the hot- spot formed after quench and local trapped flux was found, providing insight on the RF dissipation of trap vortices. The combined B&T map system showed that the T-map system is capable of detecting hot-spots and quench location on the surface of the 3 GHz SRF cavity. Different distribution of trapped flux was measured after different cool-down and residual B-field, but, no variation in magnetic field distribution was observed during quench, possibly due to magnetic sensors being far from the quench location
Design and Commissioning of a Magnetic Field Scanning System for SRF Cavities
Trapped magnetic vortices are one of the leading sources of residual losses in SRF cavities. Mechanisms of flux pinning depend on the materials treatment and cool-down conditions. A magnetic field scanning system using flux-gate magnetometers and Hall probes has been designed and built to allow measuring the local magnetic field of trapped vortices normal to the outer surface of 1.3 GHz single-cell SRF cavities at cryogenic temperatures. Such system will allow inferring the key information about the distribution and magnitude of trapped flux in the SRF cavities for different material, surface preparations and cool-down conditions
Preliminary Results From Magnetic Field Scanning System for a Single-Cell Niobium Cavity
One of the building blocks of modern particle accelerators is superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities. Niobium is the material of choice to build such cavities, which operate at liquid helium temperature (2 - 4 K) and have some of the highest quality factors found in Nature. There are several sources of residual losses, one of them is trapped magnetic flux, which limits the quality factor in SRF cavities. The flux trapping mechanism depends on different niobium surface preparations and cool-down conditions. Suitable diagnostic tools are not yet available to study the effects of such conditions on magnetic flux trapping. A magnetic field scanning system (MFSS) for SRF cavities using Hall probes and Fluxgate magnetometer has been designed, built, and is commissioned to measure the local magnetic field trapped in 1.3 GHz single-cell SRF cavities at 4 K. In this contribution, we will present the preliminary results from MFSS for a single cell niobium cavity
Magnetic Field Mapping of a Large-Grain 1.3 GHz Single-Cell Cavity
A new magnetic field mapping system for 1.3 GHz single-cell cavities was developed in order to reveal the impact of ambient magnetic field and temperature gradients during cool-down on the flux trapping phenomenon. Measurements were done at 2 K for different cool-down conditions of a large-grain cavity before and after 120 °C bake. The fraction of applied magnetic field trapped in the cavity walls was ~ 50% after slow cool-down and ~ 20% after fast cool-down. The results showed a weak correlation between between trapped flux locations and hot-spots causing the high-field Q-slope. The results also showed an increase of the trapped flux at the quench location, after quenching, and a local redistribution of trapped flux with increasing RF field
A Multi-Layered SRF Cavity for Conduction Cooling Applications
Industrial application of SRF technology would favor the use of cryocoolers to conductively cool SRF cavities for particle accelerators, operating at or above 4.3 K. In order to achieve a lower surface resistance than Nb at 4.3 K, a superconductor with higher critical temperature should be used, whereas a metal with higher thermal conductivity than Nb should be used to conduct the heat to the cryocoolers. A standard 1.5 GHz bulk Nb single-cell cavity has been coated with a ~2 µm thick layer of Nb₃Sn on the inner surface and with a 5 mm thick Cu layer on the outer surface for conduction cooled applications. The cavity performance has been measured at 4.3 K and 2.0 K in liquid He. The cavity reached a peak surface magnetic field of ~40 mT with a quality factor of 6×10⁹ and 3.5×10⁹ at 4.3 K, before and after applying the thick Cu layer, respectively
Recent Results From Nb₃Sn Single Cell Cavities Coated at Jefferson Lab
Because of superior superconducting properties (Tc ~ 18.3K, Hs h~ 425 mT and Δ ~ 3.1 meV) compared to niobium, Nb₃Sn promise better RF performance (Q₀ and Eacc) and/or higher operating temperature (2 K Vs 4.2 K) for SRF cavities. Nb₃Sn-coated SRF cavities are produced routinely by depositing a few micron-thick Nb₃Sn films on the interior surface of Nb cavities via tin vapor diffusion technique. Early results from Nb₃Sn cavities coated with this technique exhibited precipitous low field Q-slope, also known as Wuppertal slope. Several Nb₃Sn single cell cavities coated at JLab appeared to exhibit similar Q-slope. RF testing of cavities and materials study of witness samples were continuously used to modify the coating protocol. At best condition, we were able to produce Nb₃Sn cavity with Q₀ in excess of ≥ 5×10¹⁰ at 2 K and ≥ 2×1010 at 4 K up the accelerating gradient of ~15 MV/m, without any significant Q-slope. In this presentation, we will discuss recent results from several Nb₃Sn coated single-cell cavities linked with material studies of witness samples, coating process modifications and the possible causative factors to Wuppertal slope
IMPACT OF COMMUNITY FORESTRY ON BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN NEPAL
Master'sMASTER OF SCIENCE (ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT) (MEM
Systemic levels of iron, phosphorus, and total protein in normocyclic versus repeat breeder Holstein Friesian crossbred cows of Kesharbag, Chitwan, Nepal
Background and Aim: In repeat breeding, a sexually mature cow fails to conceive even after three or more consecutive inseminations despite being without any clinically detectable reproductive anomalies. This is a major cause of economic loss in livestock farms, particularly in developing countries, where humans and livestock directly compete for food, and the mineral content of animal feed is rarely checked. This study investigated the association between systemic iron, phosphorus, and total protein and estrous cyclicity in crossbred Holstein Friesian cows.
Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 10 normal cyclic and 10 repeat breeder cows 12 h after the onset of estrus. Serum was separated, and iron, phosphorus, and total protein were quantified with spectrophotometry, using standard controls for all three measurement parameters (iron, phosphorus, and total protein).
Results: Iron and phosphorus levels were significantly (p<0.05) lower in the repeat breeders group than in the normocyclic group, but no significant differences were found in total protein levels.
Conclusion: Repeat breeding is associated with systemic iron and phosphorus levels but is independent of total protein level