DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A SIMPLE UV-SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CIPROFLOXACIN HCL PRESENT IN TASTE MASKED DRUG RESIN COMPLEX

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop and validate a novel, specific, precise and simple UV-spectrophotometric method for the estimation of ciprofloxacin HCl present in taste-masked drug-resin complex.Methods: UV-spectrophotometric determination was performed with ELICO SL 1500 UV-Vis spectrophotometer using 0.1 N HCl as a medium. The spectrum of the standard solution was run from 200-400 nm range for the determination of absorption maximum (λ max). λ max of ciprofloxacin HCl was found at 276 nm. The absorbance of standard solutions of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 µg/ml of drug solution was measured at an absorption maximum at 276 nm against the blank. Then a graph was plotted by taking concentration on X-axis and absorbance on Y-axis which gave a straight line. Validation parameters such as linearity and range, selectivity and specificity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, precision and robustness were evaluated as per ICH guidelines.Results: Linearity for the UV-spectrophotometric method was noted over a concentration range of 1-6 µg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.9995. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for ciprofloxacin HCl was found at 0.46 μg/ml and 1.38 μg/ml respectively. Accuracy was in between 98.89 and 99.27%. % RSD for repeatability, intraday precision and interday precision were found to be 1.271, in between 0.351 and 0.659 and in between 1.067 and 1.769 respectively. The proposed UV spectrophotometric method is found to be robust.Conclusion: The proposed UV-spectrophotometric method was validated according to the ICH guidelines and results and statistical parameters demonstrated that the developed method is sensitive, precise, reliable and simple for the estimation of ciprofloxacin HCl present in taste-masked drug-resin complex

A Mathematical Model for Micropolar Fluid Flow Through an Artery with the effect of Stenosis and Post Stenotic Dilatation

The effects of both stenosis and post stenotic dilatation have been studied on steady flow of micropolar fluid through an artery. Assuming the stenosis to be mild, the equations governing the flow of the proposed model are solved. Closed form expressions for the flow characteristics such as velocity, pressure drop, and volumetric flow rate, resistance to the flow and wall shear stress are derived. The effects of various parameters on resistance to the flow and wall shear stress have been analyzed through the graphs. It is found that the resistance to the flow increases with the height and length of the stenosis, but the resistance to the flow decreases with stenotic dilatation. With the increase of the coupling number the resistance to the flow increases. However, the effect of coupling number is not very significant. The resistance to the flow decreases with the micropolar fluid parameter. The wall shear stress increases with coupling number and stenosis height, but it decreases with micropolar fluid parameter and stenotic dilatation

Equity Volatility and Corporate Bond Yields in Malaysia

This study explores the effect of stock volatility on corporate bond yields in the Malaysian market. Panel data for 2005 to 2010 shows that index returns and macroeconomic variables explain cross-sectional variation in higher-graded corporate bond yields better than credit ratings. This implies that higher grade bonds are less sensitive to information that are firm-specific, and more sensitive to information that is predominantly related to the economy as a whole

LATENTIATED PRODRUG APPROACH OF DRUGS: AN OVERVIEW

Prodrugs, with their capability of declining the adverse events and elevating the bioavailability of certain drugs, have captured enormous attention throughout the world since the 20th century. The versatility of the prodrugs that are inert and after administration releasing the parent moiety for the desired effect has become a major criterion for the scientists to incorporate this to alleviate the undesired effects of a conventional drug. About 10% of the prevailing drugs are prodrugs and their usage is being amplified owing to its critical application in cancer therapy, toxicity alleviation, and specificity. The purpose of this review is to understand the prodrugs, strategies incorporated in designing the prodrugs, applications, their crucial benefits in targeted action at a specific site of the body, their advantageous effects in chemotherapy. Also, to be acknowledged with the ongoing clinical trials and researches on prodrugs and some notable marketed prodrugs in a depth manner

Impairment in biochemical indices in sprayers exposed to commonly used organophosphorus and pyrethroids: A case study

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of spraying organophosphate, carbamate and synthetic pyrethroid pesticides on biochemical parameters viz., red blood cell (RBC) acetylcholine esterase (AchE) and plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities, oxidative stress parameters viz., plasma T-BARs, catalase activity and antioxidant levels such as reduced glutathione, and α-tocopherol and pesticide residues (analysed using the GC/LC-MS/MS) in sprayers cultivating cotton, chilly and paddy crops in Guntur district for a period of >10 years. The study population included sprayers (120) with a mean age of 37.8 ± 10.8 years and controls (60) with a mean age of 37.3 ± 12.2 years. A significant difference was observed for AchE, BChE activities, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), catalase activity, reduced glutathione and the concentration of pesticide residues in the sprayers cultivating different crops for a period of >10 years as compared to the controls. However, there is no such significant difference observed for α-tocopherol.Key words: Pesticide residues, chronic exposure, biochemical indices,  sprayers running head, biochemical indices, pesticide residues in sprayer

Anatomy of Apara (placenta) - A Review

The placenta is almost circular disc and flat like structure. The matured placenta is 15-18cms in diameter, 23mm in thickness and about 500gms in weight. The placenta has two surfaces, maternal and foetal. The maternal surface is attached to endometrium whereas the foetal surface is covered with amnion which is white shiny and mottled in appearance. The maternal surface consists of 20 distinct lobules known as cotyledons. Each lobule consists group of villi. Which is separated by septum known as placental septum. The placenta store nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, calcium, iron etc. Which are released into the foetal circulation when are required. Through the placenta transportation of oxygen, water, electrolytes, nutrition from mother to foetus and waste products like urea, uric acid and carbon dioxide and other produced by foetus are excreted to the maternal blood. According to Ayurveda the placenta is formed by the accumulation of Rakta (Blood). When the orifices of minute Artavavaha Strotas are occluded by growing foetal mass, menstruation stops, because of same cause. Unexpelled Artava ascends up due to occlusion of down ward passage and accumulates to form Apara (Placenta)

Scuttling Web Opportunities By Application Cramming

The web contains large data and it contains innumerable websites that is monitored by a tool or a program known as Crawler. The main goal of this paper is to focus on the web forum crawling techniques. In this paper, the various techniques of web forum crawler and challenges of crawling are discussed. The paper also gives the overview of web crawling and web forums. Internet is emergent exponentially and has become progressively more. Now, it is complicated to retrieve relevant information from internet. The rapid growth of the internet poses unprecedented scaling challenges for general purpose crawlers and search engines. In this paper, we present a novel Forum Crawler under Supervision (FoCUS) method, which supervised internet-scale forum crawler. The intention of FoCUS is to crawl relevant forum information from the internet with minimal overhead, this crawler is to selectively seek out pages that are pertinent to a predefined set of topics, rather than collecting and indexing all accessible web documents to be capable to answer all possible ad-hoc questions. FoCUS is continuously keeps on crawling the internet and finds any new internet pages that have been added to the internet, pages that have been removed from the internet. Due to growing and vibrant activity of the internet; it has become more challengeable to navigate all URLs in the web documents and to handle these URLs. We will take one seed URL as input and search with a keyword, the searching result is based on keyword and it will fetch the internet pages where it will find that keywor

PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF NON-IRRADIATED AND Γ-IRRADIATED MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA L.) JUICE AGAINST ETHANOL-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN ALBINO RATS

ABSTRACTObjective: The aim of this study is to explore the protective effect of non-irradiated and γ-irradiated mango juice (NMJ and GMJ) against ethanolinducedhepatic and renaldysfunctionin rats.Methods: A total of 36 male Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into six groups of six animals each, and the treatment was given everyday via orogastric tube for 30 days. Group I rats served as normal control group. Group II, III, IV, V, and VI rats received absolute ethanol, NMJ, GMJ,ethanol+NMJ, and ethanol+GMJ, respectively. At the end of experimental period, the animals were sacrificed, and serum was separated for liverand kidney markers analysis. The tissues (liver and kidney) were excised for histopathological changes and lipid peroxidation, enzymatic, and nonenzymaticantioxidantsactivitieswereestimated.Results: Ethanol treatment resulted in the depletion of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-stransferaseactivities,andreducedvitaminCandreducedglutathionecontent,higherlevelofmalondialdehyde,increasedactivitiesofserumalanineaminotransferase,aspartateaminotransferase,alkalinephosphatase,gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and elevated levels of serum urea, creatinine,uric acid causing malfunction of hepatic, and renal tissues, when compared to control rats. Mango juice (both NMJ and GMJ) co-treatment with ethanolingested rats, were envisaged to possess significant antioxidant defense properties and help in the recovery of tissues from ethanol-induced oxidativedamage. The results showed that degenerative changes in hepatic and renal cells of ethanolic groups were minimized by the administration of mangojuice, as revealed by histopathological examination.Conclusion: The current findings suggest that treatment with mango juice reduces ethanol-induced oxidative stress, thereby protecting the hepaticand renal tissue from ethanol-induced damage.Keywords: γ-irradiation, Mango juice, Ethanol, Oxidative stress, Antioxidant enzymes, Liver, Kidney

Schwannoma arising from hypoglossal nerve in the submandibular triangle: a case report

Hypoglossal schwannomas usually develop in the intracranial portion of the brain. The incidence of hypoglossal schwannomas of the submandibular region is extremely rare. Here we report a case of schwannoma arising from the extracranial hypoglossal nerve in the left submandibular region