Energy efficient electric lighting for buildings in developed and developing countries

As energy is a fundamental service for human development and economic growth, the demand for it is constantly on the rise worldwide. Lighting energy use makes a significant contribution to the total energy consumption of buildings. The use of energy efficiency measures can reduce this kind of energy consumption. The main objectives of this work were to review different aspects of lighting quality and energy efficiency and to test the existing technologies for efficient lighting. An additional aim of the work was to examine the new opportunities provided by LED technology in providing lighting in rural areas of developing countries and to compare LED lighting with existing fuel-based lighting. Three different lighting control systems in office rooms were compared for energy efficiency and the quality of lighting by means of measurements. The results of the measurements showed a significant potential for saving energy by the use of daylight-based dimming and occupancy control. The renovation of an auditorium with a new lighting installation resulted in higher illuminance levels and better colour rendering, while reducing energy consumption. This work also presents a calculation of lighting energy use in office rooms using two different calculation methods and discusses the different parameters used for the calculation. A comparison of the calculated values with the measured values confirmed the accuracy of the calculation methods. The work presents a study and evaluation of traditional pine stick lighting and new white LED-based lighting used in rural Nepali villages. The use of different renewable energy sources in combination with efficient lighting technology is found to be a realistic and sustainable option to provide clean and efficient lighting services in developing countries

Meaningful design in a multicultural community. A case study on multi-functional urban parks.

Urban planning is responsible for the arrangement of environments that we are living in as well as for the design of urban parks that allow us to escape from everyday stressors. However, we no longer live in culturally homogenous societies, and people of different backgrounds seem to have different perspectives on urban park aesthetics as well as the range of facilities and features that parks should provide. This study focuses on preferences and perspectives that people of different cultural backgrounds have of urban parks. This research was based on a single-case study of a multi-functional park – Waterloo Park, located in Kitchener-Waterloo (Ontario, Canada), and was focused on investigating urban park preferences of seven ethnic groups: Caucasian Canadians, East and North Asians, South Asians, Middle- Eastern, Arabic, African/Caribbean and African/Zimbabwean or Kenyan. The feedback obtained from face-to-face interviews with Waterloo-Park users have been analyzed in order to establish how do people of different cultural backgrounds conceptualize urban parks and what their breadth of needs are when utilizing park space. Demographic information, such as ethnic association, was obtained from the participants on a self-descriptive basis. Findings from this study indicates that there are apparent differences in expectations and needs that culturally diverse users have regarding urban parks, and provides substantial evidence that culture plays an influential role in perception and evaluation of urban parks. Recommendations for professional practice advocate shifting Canadian design practices towards a true comprehensive and multifunctional park design and incorporating the various motives and needs of a culturally diverse Canadian society

Rakennusten sähkön käytön tehokkuus

The buildings sector is a major energy consumer, accounting for about 40% of total EU energy consumption so more than any other single sector they are in the front line for potential energy saving. This thesis is written on the background of European Union's Directive on Energy performance of buildings. The aim of this thesis is to find out the energy consumption profiles and indicators in the European buildings. First the overview of energy use in building is described. Then the scope of energy saving in the buildings sector and possible measures to realize the large potential here is discussed. There are many possibilities for the future for the efficient use of energy and they are economically viable. After that the available directives and regulations as well as programmes for the efficient use of energy are presented. Next the energy efficiency calculation methods are studied. As a practical application, electricity used in the `Light House' for lighting and electrical appliances are calculated and the result is compared with the other buildings. It is found that the Light House is using very efficient lighting equipments and applying daylighting and control system. So it is very efficient in energy use. Also the electrical appliance equipments are using energy efficiently compared to other buildings. So by the use of more efficient equipments and technologies, electricity efficiency of the buildings can be improved greatly

Performance of different metrics proposed to CIE TC 1-91

The main aim of the article is to find out the performance of different metrics proposed to CIE TC 1-91. Currently, six different indexes have been proposed to CIE TC 1-91: Colour Quality Scale (CQS), Feeling of Contrast Index (FCI), Memory colour rendering index (MCRI), Preference of skin (PS), Relative gamut area index (RGAI) and Illuminating Engineering society Method for evaluating light source colour rendition (IES TM-30). The evaluation and analysis are based on previously conducted experiment in lighting booth. The analysis showed the area based metric FCI was good subjective preference indicator. The subjective preference was measured in terms of naturalness of objects, colourfulness of colour checker chart, and the visual appearance of the lit scene in the booth

Constrains of lighting design and installation in complex spaces: A case study of lighting in Nepalese Heritage Sites

With the advancement in technology and rapid performance of low heat emitting light sources LED in recent years has taken its place to illuminate various structures. A significant lighting intervention is seen in the historic sites that were previously left without any illumination schemes in Nepal. Illuminating a cultural and heritage site is a very difficult task where different aspects have to be analyzed and several considerations have to be made to achieve a feasible and sustainable lighting scheme. Historical buildings in Nepal are made of bricks and wooden frames to which integrating a modern lighting system is difficult. This paper presents the aspects, considerations and lighting simulation schemes to design a lighting scheme for a historic site in Kathmandu Valley. The lighting is being implemented in the site being restored. This paper also presents the practicability of installations and constraints during the lighting of historic sites in Nepal. The aspect and considerations taken are extensible to all similar cultural heritage sites, and also existing old buildings.Peer reviewe

Study of the impact of lighting intervention in historic and touristic city of Nepal

Nepal is an ideal destination for individuals who value an experience of culture, adventure, mesmerizing scenarios, and a variety of architecture. Tourism is one of the major industries of Nepal, so it is necessary to promote the tourism industry. One possible means is to undertake appropriate and scientific intervention in illumination. This study focuses on the analysis of the current lighting scenario of historic and urban tourist destinations of Nepal. Most of the tourist attractions or tourist residing vicinities seemed to not be properly and adequately lighted. The study identified several reasons for inadequate lighting in places that are supposed to be lit adequately such as streets, pathways, squares, heritage sites, temples, and monuments. Furthermore, identified issues in the current lighting practices comprise light pollution, glare, inefficient luminaires, and a lack of maintenance. The lighting preference of tourists and dwellers/facility owners/caretakers were studied and any mismatch between them was identified. The study also conducted a survey on the status of lighting practices, the opinion of the stakeholders, and the feasibility and need for installation of luminaires in different places of the historic and touristic site.Peer reviewe

Calculation of Mesopic Luminance Using per Pixel S/P Ratios Measured with Digital Imaging

This study describes a method of measuring the pixelwise S/P ratio using a calibrated digital camera and applying these S/P ratios to calculate mesopic luminance values. An example of using the developed method is presented. Further improvements for the method are discussed.Peer reviewe

Reviewing the role of outdoor lighting in achieving sustainable development goals

Funding Information: Funding: This research was funded by H2020 project “FINEST TWINS”, grant number 856602. Publisher Copyright: © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. | openaire: EC/H2020/856602/EU//FINEST TWINSThe Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim at providing a healthier planet for present and future generations. At the most recent SDG summit held in 2019, Member States recognized that the achievements accomplished to date have been insufficient to achieve this mission. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of 227 documents contextualizing outdoor lighting with SDGs, showing its potential to resolve some existing issues related to the SDG targets. From a list of 17 goals, six SDGs were identified to have relevant synergies with outdoor lighting in smart cities, including SDG 3 (Good health and well-being), SDG 11 (Sustainable cities and communities), SDG 14 (Life below water) and SDG 15 (Life on land). This review also links efficient lighting roles partially with SDG 7 (Affordable and clean energy) and SDG 13 (Climate action) through Target 7.3 and Target 13.2, respectively. This paper identifies outdoor lighting as a vector directly impacting 16 of the 50 targets in the six SDGs involved. Each section in this review discusses the main aspects of outdoor lighting by a human-centric, energy efficiency and environmental impacts. Each aspect addresses the most recent studies contributing to lighting solutions in the literature, helping us to understand the positive and negative impacts of artificial lighting on living beings. In addition, the work summarizes the proposed solutions and results tackling specific topics impacting SDG demands.Peer reviewe

Ways to study changes in pedestrians' behaviour in the artificially lit urban outdoor environment

Lighting technologies have been rapidly developing in recent years together with the advancement in digital and connected technologies. Nevertheless, while achieving quantitative goals with the help of technical developments, there is always a need to correlate them with their impacts on users' experience. This paper focuses on the changes in human behaviour whilst walking under an artificially lit outdoor environment. A systematic literature search was conducted from which three groups of a pedestrians' behaviour were identified, namely walking (including activity levels and walking patterns), microscopic mobility (including walking speed, gait characteristics and use of walkway space) and gaze behaviour. An additional round of a literature search was done for each of the group mentioned above. Final set of the articles consisted of 41, 13 and 12 papers for walking, microscopic mobility behaviour and gaze behaviour subgroups respectively. The existing knowledge on possible changes in pedestrian behaviour caused by various artificial lighting settings was summarized. In addition, the methods to gather data about these changes applied in the selected papers were reviewed, and the perspectives for video-based analysis and online public participation geographic information system methodologies were discussed.Peer reviewe

Developing energy efficient and smart lighting education in Vietnam and Myanmar

Artificial lighting is a basic need for human wellbeing and performance when there is no access to daylight. Large populations, mostly in rural areas, depend on traditional biomass-based lighting techniques whereas in developing countries with electricity supply mostly energy inefficient electric lighting is applied. Implementation of energy efficient and smart lighting products and systems could reduce the annually increasing energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries. However, these relatively recent energy efficient and smart lighting solutions are not common in developing countries due to various barriers including a lack of awareness and information, a lack of qualified engineers, and a lack of experience in implementing, testing and maintaining energy efficient and smart lighting design.This article summarizes the education development activities carried out at six universities in Vietnam and Myanmar. In addition to education development, lighting labs were established, teachers and technical staff were adequately trained, and interaction and cooperation between higher education institutions and public bodies and industry were enforced.Peer reviewe