Understanding Different Types of Subsistence Economies

The Batwa of Buhoma, Uganda, a remote hunter-gatherer community were evicted from their forest in 1992 in order to provide a sanctuary for the mountain gorillas. Based on individual and group interviews, this commentary provides a case study that describes how the Batwa now address their basic needs, and how they participate in the formation of subsistence markets and microenterprises. In positioning this study, four types of subsistence economies are identified: nature-based, nonprofit-based, market-based, and hybrid. In addition, different types of subsistence markets are identified, namely, within community and cross community markets. This then raises several questions for future research and for subsistence communities like the Batwa’s regarding how to achieve sustainability

Internationalization knowledge: what, why, where and when?

Acquiring relevant knowledge plays a critical role in the internationalization process. Yet our understanding of the role of internationalization knowledge (IK) remains a largely unfilled gap in the international marketing literature. A framework is developed that discriminates three categories of internationalization knowledge that firms need as they internationalize for; gaining market entry, localizing of strategies and organizing international enterprise structures. Employing a longitudinal qualitative analysis of ten internationalizing firms, this study examines why firms needed these IK categories, where they sourced them from, and when in different stages of international growth they need them. Managerial implications are addressed