Live online lecture versus classroom lecture: perception of undergraduate medical and nursing students and faculty

Introduction: During COVID-19 pandemic, live online lectures were offered for the first time to the undergraduate students. Due to its novelty, it was important to identify the effectiveness. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the perception of students and faculty regarding the attributes of lectures delivered via live online versus classroom platform. Method: In this descriptive study, after approval from the ethical committee, link to the validated questionnaire was sent via email to all participants. Quantitative data were expressed as numbers and percentage while thematic analysis was done for qualitative data. Result: In this study 22 faculty members and 176 students participated. Twenty-one(95%) faculty and 159(90.3%) students agreed that it was a good initiative to start live online lectures during the pandemic, and 18(81.8%) faculty and 160(91%) students were satisfied or partially satisfied with online mode. Limitations identified were technical issues and lack of physical interaction. Both faculty members 18(81.8%) and students 11665.9% agreed or strongly agreed that online lectures were less interactive, and suggested ways to improve online lectures by making sessions more interactive, proper lecture scheduling and using different online media. Conclusion: Participants identified various strengths of live online mode which is encouraging to use during adverse situations or even continue as a standard platform but it is not without limitations. Thus, for successful implementation, proper planning and designing of lectures are required

Aerobic Bacteria in the Diaphragmatic Portion of Stethoscope of Medical Professionals of Tertiary Care Hospital

Introduction: Hospital environment is a reservoir of wide varieties of microorganisms which are frequently reported colonizing in medical equipment. Stethoscopes are essential tools and of universal use in the medical profession, which might be a source of spreading nosocomial infections. This research project was conducted with an aim to assess the presence of aerobic bacteria in the stethoscope of the medical doctors working at Patan Hospital and students ofPatan Academy of Health Sciences. 
 Methods: It is a cross sectional study based on structured questionnaire and sample assessment from the stethoscope of doctors and students of Patan Hospital and Patan Academy of Health Sciences. The stethescopes used by the doctors of five major departments of Patan Hospital and students of clinical years were included in this study. 
 Results: Total of 99 stethoscope owned by different level of professionals (positions) and different departments were examined for bacterial contamination. Out of them, 36 were found to be considerably contaminated. Single strain of bacteria was grown from a single stethoscope. Among them 34 were Gram positive and remaining were Gram negative. Out of 34 gram postive bacteria, 29 were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, six were identified as Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus and remaining were Gram positive bacilli. 
 Conclusions: There is presence of aerobic bacteria in diaphragmatic portion of stethoscope of medical professional of which the gram positives were the commonest. 
 Keywords: anaerobic bacteria; stethescope; medical professionals; patan hospital. &#13

Aerobic Bacteria in the Diaphragmatic Portion of Stethoscope of Medical Professionals of Tertiary Care Hospital

Introduction: Hospital environment is a reservoir of wide varieties of microorganisms which are frequently reported colonizing in medical equipment. Stethoscopes are essential tools and of universal use in the medical profession, which might be a source of spreading nosocomial infections. This research project was conducted with an aim to assess the presence of aerobic bacteria in the stethoscope of the medical doctors working at Patan Hospital and students ofPatan Academy of Health Sciences. Methods: It is a cross sectional study based on structured questionnaire and sample assessment from the stethoscope of doctors and students of Patan Hospital and Patan Academy of Health Sciences. The stethescopes used by the doctors of five major departments of Patan Hospital and students of clinical years were included in this study. Results: Total of 99 stethoscope owned by different level of professionals (positions) and different departments were examined for bacterial contamination. Out of them, 36 were found to be considerably contaminated. Single strain of bacteria was grown from a single stethoscope. Among them 34 were Gram positive and remaining were Gram negative. Out of 34 gram postive bacteria, 29 were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, six were identified as Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus and remaining were Gram positive bacilli. Conclusions: There is presence of aerobic bacteria in diaphragmatic portion of stethoscope of medical professional of which the gram positives were the commonest.  Keywords: anaerobic bacteria; stethescope; medical professionals; patan hospital.