The immunological and pathological changes in poultry induced by ochratoxin A

The mvcotoxin ochratoxin A (OA) can contaminate a wide variety of feedstuffs and be nephrotoxic to domestic animals and poultry. The objective of this work was to study the clinical, pathological and immunological effects induced by feeding OA to broilers and turkeys from hatch as well as its effects on production characteristics and teratogenicity in quail. Some basic immune mechanisms were studied.OA caused growth depression in broilers and turkeys but not in quail. There was a loss of carotenoid pigments in the shank of broilers.The principal pathological effects were in the kidney especially in the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) where the mitochondria were the organelles most sensitive to OA-damage although other intracellular elements were involved together with a marked increase in lysosomal activity. OA localised within PCT and glomeruli. Ring-form mitochondria in the PCT and the accumulation of glycogen in the liver were considered to be of diagnostic significance.In the lymphoid organs, widespread degeneration was a consistent feature of OA-toxicity, suggesting a direct effect on immunity, OA induced a marked depression of both humoral and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses in broilers and turkeys. Total serum levels(IgG-IgM,IgA) were reduced in broilers but only IgM levels were depressed in turkeys. Tissue immunoglobulins were also depressed. Delayed hypersensitivity responses were reduced in broilers and turkeys. Graft-versus-host reactions, evaluated by a chick embryo splenomegaly test, were depressed in OA-fed broilers.It was not possible to elicit a distinct Arthus reaction in turkeys in contrast to broilers.In general, granulocytes, particularly heterophils and eosinophils, and vascular endothelial cells appeared to clay a significant role in CMI responses in poultry.OA-contaminated feed resulted in reduced egg production, fertility and hatchability in a dose-related fashion in Japanese quail and an increase in embryonic mortality and a number of developmental defects

Imunosupresivni učinak kombinirane toksičnosti citrinina i endosulfana u skotnih Wistar štakorica.

In the present investigation, citrinin (CIT) (10 mg/kg feed) and endosulfan (1mg/kg bw) were administered orally alone and in combination to pregnant Wistar rats from gestational day 6 to 20 to study their effect on the immune response of the pregnant Wistar rats. Cell mediated Immune response was assessed by delayed type hypersensitivity against ovalbumin, and lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl) 2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide). The humoral immune response was judged by Hemagglutination against SRBCs and indirect ELISA. Cell mediated immune response in citrinin (Gr I) was more compared to endosulfan (Gr II) treated rats as at 72 hrs the ear pinna thickness in citrinin was more than endosulfan (0.76 ± 0.011 mm vs 0.68 ± 0.006 mm), and identical findings were seen in stimulation index by LTT (1.00 ± 0.001 vs 0.90 ± 0.001). In humoral immune response the trend changed, by hemagglutination the animals in group I (citrinin) showed less titre than group II (endosulfan) (2.83 ± 0.31 vs 4.00 ± 0.26), however, by indirect ELISA the titre of citrinin (gr I) was more than that of endosulfan (gr II) (0.081 ± 0.003 vs 0.073 ± 0.001). However, in the combined group the animals were significantly more immunocompromised when adjudged for cell mediated (DTH: 0.57 ± 0.008 mm; LTT: 0.80 ± 0.007) and humoral immune responses (HA: 2.33 ± 0.21; indirect ELISA: 0.066 ± 0.001) as compared to the individually intoxicated groups and control (DTH: 0.94 ±0.012 mm; LTT: 1.10 ± 0.001), (HA: 5.50 ± 0.22; indirect ELISA: 0.108 ± 0.006). It may be concluded that with simultaneous exposure CIT and endosulfan, are potent immunosuppressants, but when they were given together their effect was enhanced possibly due to their additional interaction in pregnant Wistar rats.Citrinin (CIT) (10 mg/kg hrane) i endosulfan (1 mg/kg tjelesne mase) bili su oralno davani skotnim Wistar štakoricama zasebno i u kombinaciji od šestoga do 20. dana skotnosti radi istraživanja njihova učinka na imunološki odgovor. Stanični imunološki odgovor određivan je na osnovi kasnoga tipa preosjetljivosti na ovalbumin i testa transformacije limfocita (LTT) upotrebom MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl) 2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide). Humoralni imunološki odgovor određivan je na osnovi hemaglutinacije svinjskih crvenih krvnih stanica i neizravnoga imunoenzimnog testa. Stanični imunološki odgovor na citrinin (skupina I) bio je jači u odnosu na endosulfan (skupina II) 72 sata nakon primjene. Zadebljanje uške na citrinin bilo je jače nego na endosulfan (0,76 ± 0,011 mm vs 0,68 ± 0,006 mm), a slični rezultati bili su polučeni u testu transformacije limfocita (1,00 ± 0,001 vs 0,90 ± 0,001). Humoralni imunološki odgovor bio je drugačiji. U testu hemaglutinacije, u životinja skupine I (citrinin) ustanovljen je manji titar nego u skupine II (endosulfan) (2,83 ± 0,31 vs 4,00 ± 0,26). Međutim, neizravnim imunoenzimnim testom titar citrinina (skupina I) bio je veći nego u skupine koja je dobivala endosulfan (skupina II) (0,081 ± 0,003 vs 0,073 ± 0,001). U skupini koja je dobivala istodobno citrinin i endosulfan ustanovljen je značajno slabiji stanični imunološki odgovor (DTH: 0,57 ± 0,008 mm; LTT: 0,80 ± 0,007) i humoralni imunološki odgovor (HA: 2,33 ± 0,21; neizravna ELISA: 0,066 ± 0,001) u usporedbi sa skupinama koje su posebno dobivale citrinin odnosno endosulfan te kontrolnom skupinom (DTH: 0,94 ± 0,012 mm; LTT: 1,10 ± 0,001), (HA: 5,50 ± 0,22; neizravna ELISA: 0,108 ± 0,006). Može se zaključiti da istodobno izlaganje citrininu i endosulfanu može djelovati imunosupresivno