Osobine jarog ječma u Panonskoj zoni

Environmental conditions in the Pannonian zone can be characterized with moderate high temperature and partially water deficit during grain filling of spring barley, although low temperature and water deficit are possible also in period till anthesis. This study was conducted to evaluate the variation of the duration of the period from emergence to anthesis (VP), duration of grain filling period (GFP), plant height (PH), spikes number m-2 (SN), grains number spike-1 (GN), thousand grains weight (GW) and yield (YIL) in spring two-rowed barley in conditions of the Pannonian zone. All three factors; genotype, environment and the interaction GxY affected the studied traits. Average VP was 777 GDD, GFP 782 GDD, PH 78 cm, SN 523, GN 28.2, GW 43.2 g and YIL 6.26 t ha-1. Variation across varieties was higher than across growing seasons. Heritability varied from 0.66 for YIL to 0.94 for VP and GFP. This study confirmed that a sufficiently large genetic variability must be base for selecting appropriate varieties for the Pannonian zone conditions. In order to determine high yielding and quality barley extensive research in relation to breeding, variety choice for production and growing practice must be done.Ekološki uslovi u Panonskoj zoni odlikuju se umereno visokim temperaturama i delimičnim deficitom vode tokom perioda nalivanja zrna jarog ječma, mada su niske temperature i deficit vode mogući i u periodu do cvetanja. U sedmogodišnjim istraživanjima proučavano je variranje nekih fizioloških, morfoloških i produktivnih osobina jarog dvoredog ječma u uslovima Panonske zone, na lokalitetu Novi Sad. Prosečna dužina perioda od nicanja do cvetanja- vegetativni period, iznosila je 777°C sume aktivnih temperatura, perioda nalivanja zrna 782°C, visina stabljike 78 cm, broj klasova po m-2 523, broj zrna po klasu 28,2, masa hiljadu zrna 43,2 g i prinos zrna 6,26 t ha-1. Heritabilnost je varirala od 0,66 za prinos do 0,94 za vegetativni period i period nalivanja zrna. Varijabilnost svih ispitivanih osobina bila je određena genotipom, godinom i interakcijom genotip x godina. Ova istraživanja su potvrdila da je izbor odgovarajućih sorti za agroekološke uslove Panonske zone moguć iz dovoljno široke genetičke varijabilnosti. Intenzivan oplemenjivački rad, testiranje velikog broja sortu radi izbora najpovoljnijih za određeno područje i definisanje adekvatne tehnologije proizvodnje osnova su za postizanje visokog prinosa i dobrog kvaliteta pivskog ječma

Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and use in spring barley

During growth, kernel of cereals can be provided with carbohydrate and nitrogen (N) from the translocation of pre-anthesis accumulated reserves stored either in the vegetative plant parts or from current assimilation during kernel development. This study was conducted to assess the effects of nitrogen level and cultivars on dry matter and N accumulation and mobilization during pre-anthesis and post-anthesis. Twenty two-rowed spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars were grown on a non-calcareous chernozem soil in four growing seasons (1995-1998) at Novi Sad (45degrees20'N, 15degrees51'E, 86 in a.s.l.) at two nitrogen levels. Dry matter accumulation before anthesis ranged from less than 50% in unfavorable to 90% in favorable growing conditions. Dry matter translocation occurred in favorable growing conditions only. Pre-anthesis accumulated N represented 57-92% and 54-129% of total N at maturity at the low and high N levels, respectively. Translocated N represented 41-85% and 37-153% of grain N at the low and high N level, respectively. N losses occurred in favorable growing conditions when anthesis N exceeded 150 kg/ha. N accumulation during grain filling was in negative correlation with dry matter and N accumulation before anthesis. The N harvest index was 0.57-0.63 and 0.71-0.74 in unfavorable and favorable growing conditions, respectively. Selection of genotypes with a higher ability of pre-anthesis reserve utilization or genotypes with longer leaf area duration after anthesis may be two possible solutions in spring barley breeding for Mediterranean growing conditions

Uticaj sorte i godine na filohron ozimog ječma

Development and growth of leaves in cereals significantly affects grain yield since dry matter accumulation depends on the leaf area that intercepts light. Phyllochron (PHY) is defined as time interval between the emergences of successive leaves on the main stem. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of year and cultivar on phyllochron in winter barley. Twelve cultivars of winter barley differing in origin and time of anthesis were tested during six growing seasons (GS), from 2002/03 to 2007/08. The highest PHY across GSs was determined in the two-rowed cultivar Cordoba (81.6°Cd) and the lowest in the two-rowed cultivar Novosadski 581 (71.0°Cd). The early cultivars had fast leaf development, the medium cultivars medium and the late cultivars slow development, 72.5°Cd, 75.6°Cd and 78.9°Cd, respectively. The tested cultivars showed significant variability in the PHY, which can be used for selecting most adaptable genotypes for specific growing conditions.Razviće i rast listova žita značajno utiče na prinos zrna jer akumulacija suve materije zavisi od lisne površine koja apsorbuje sunčevu svetlost. Filohron se definiše kao vremenski interval između pojave sukcesivnih listova na glavnom stablu. Cilj ovog istraživanja je da se odredi efekat godine i sorte na dužinu filohrona kod ozimog ječma. Dvanaest sorti ozimog ječma različitih po poreklu i vremenu do cvetanja testirano je tokom šest proizvodnih sezona, od 2002/03. do 2007/08. na lokalitetu 'Novi Sad'. Najduži filohron (81.6°Cd) imala je sorta dvoredog ječma 'Kordoba', a najkraći (71.0°Cd) sorta dvoredog ječma 'Novosadski 581'. Rane sote imale su najbrži, srednje rane, srednji i kasne sorte najsporiji porast listova. Kod ranih sorti prosečna vrednost filohrona iznosila je 72.5°Cd, srednje ranih 75.6°Cd i kasnih 78.9°Cd. Testirane sorte pokazale su značajnu varijabilnost u dužini filohrona, što može predstavljati osnovu u izboru najadaptabilnijih genotipova u određenim uslovima spoljne sredine

Analiza vegetativnog perioda i perioda nalivanja zrna kod ozime pšenice hijerarhijskim modelom višestruke regresije, II - period nalivanja zrna

In wheat, rate and duration of dry matter accumulation and remobilization depend on genotype and growing conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the most appropriate polynomial regression of stepwise regression procedure for describing grain filling period in three winter wheat cultivars. The stepwise regression procedure showed that grain filling is a complex biological process and that it is difficult to offer a simple and appropriate polynomial equation that fits the pattern of changes in dry matter accumulation during the grain filling period, i.e., from anthesis to maximum grain weight, in winter wheat. If grain filling is to be represented with a high power polynomial, quartic and quintic equations showed to be most appropriate. In spite of certain disadvantages, a cubic equation of stepwise regression could be used for describing the pattern of winter wheat grain filling.Stopa i trajanje akumulacije suve materije u zrnu zavisi od genotipa i uslova gajenja. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je da se metodom hijerarhijske višestruke regresije odredi matematički model nalivanja zrna kod tri sorte ozime pšenice. Ovaj metod je pokazao da je nalivanje zrna kompleksan biološki proces, i da je teško odrediti jedinstvenu i odgovarajuću matematičku jednačinu koja bi određivala promenu u sadržaju suve materije u zrnu od cvetanja do postizanja maksimalne mase zrna. Primenom navedenog metoda utvrđeno je da se promena u masi zrna tokom njegovog nalivanja može predstaviti polinomom četvrtog ili petog stepena. Pošto se radi o prilično komplikovanim jednačinama predlaže se primena, kubna jednačina, uprkos njenim određenim nedostacima

Uticaj sorte i godine na broj listova kod ozimog ječma

Leaf appearance in small cereals is the result of leaf primordium initiation and leaf primordium extension. Final leaf number (FLN) on main stem is determined by the number of primordia initiated up to the beginning of floral transition. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of growing season and cultivar on FLN in winter barley. Twelve cultivars differing in origin and time of anthesis (early, medium and late) were tested during six growing seasons (GS), from 2002/03 to 2007/08. FLN across cultivars and GSs was 13.5. The highest FLN across GSs was in the late, six-rowed barley cultivar Kredit (14.7) and the lowest in the early, two-rowed barley cultivar Novosadski 581 (11.3). In regard to earliness, the lowest FLN was in the early groups of cultivars (12.9) and the highest in the late ones (13.9). The tested cultivars showed significant variability in FLN, which can be used for selecting most adaptable genotypes for specific growing conditions.Pojava listova kod strnih žita rezultat je formiranja i izduživanja primordija listova. Konačan broj listova na glavnom stablu zavisi od broja formiranih primordija do pojave primordija klasića. Cilj ovoga istraživanja je da se odredi uticaj godine i sorte na konačan broj listova na glavnom stablu kod ozimog ječma. Dvanaest sorti ječma, divergentnih po poreklu i vremenu cvetanja (rane, srednje, kasne) testirane su u periodu od šest proizvodnih sezona. Prosečan broj listova na glavnom stablu za ispitivane sorte i sezone iznosio je 13,5. Najveći prosečan broj listova (14,7) imala je kasna sorta šestoredog ječma 'Kredit', a najmanji (11,3) rana sorta dvoredog ječma 'Novosadski 581'. U odnosu na grupe zrenja najmanji broj listova bio je kod grupe ranih sorti (12,9), a najveći kod grupe kasnih sorti (13,9). Ispitivane sorte razlikovale su se značajno u konačnom broju listova, što se može iskoristiti u izboru adaptabilnih genotipova za određena područja

Analiza performansi novih eksperimentalnih genotipova ječma za prinos zrna pomoću AMMI biplota

Presence of GE interaction reduces the correlation between genotypic and phenotypic parameters and complicates progress of selection. Among several methods proposed for evaluation of the GE interaction, the AMMI model is one of the most commonly used. The objective of this study was to estimate the GE interaction in new barley lines using the AMMI model, and to identify winter barley genotypes with stable and high yield. Multi-location trials with 25 winter barley advanced lines were conducted at four locations. The AMMI model was used to estimate GE interaction. The AMMI analysis of variance indicated that the genotype, environment and GE interaction had significant influence (p lt 0,01) on barley grain yield. Based on AMMI method, G8 and G18 could be recommended for further testing due their high and stable yields.Interakcija GxE je izvor varijacije koji uključuje uticaj genotipa i faktora spoljašnje sredine, koji otežava izbor superiornih genotipova u procesu selekcije. AMMI analiza predstavalja metod koji se često koristi za ocenu interakcije genotip/sredina. Cilj ovog rada je ocena interakcije genotip/sredina pomoću AMMI modela, i identifikacija genotipova ozimog ječma sa visokim i stabilnim prinosom. Multilokacijski ogledi sa 25 superiornih linija ječma su posejani na četiri lokaliteta. AMMI analizom varijanse je utvrđeno da su genotip, sredina i interakcija genotip/ sredina imali signifikantan uticaj (p lt 0,01) na prinos ječma. Na osnovu AMMI analize, genotipovi G8 i G18 se mogu preporučiti za dalje testiranje usled njihovog visokog i stabilnog prinosa

Path koeficijent analiza kvaliteta dvoredog jarog ječma

Malting quality is composed of numerous interacting traits with a high complexity concerning their biochemical and genetic basis. Malt extract is key indicator of barley malting quality and it is a mega-trait since it is influenced by a number of independent component traits. Understanding genetic and non-genetic factors that effects grain quality and grain yield is crucial in developing new cultivars, seed and mercantile production. Path analysis is one of the reliable statistical techniques which allow separation of the direct effect of each component trait on malt quality from the indirect effects caused by the interdependence component trait. The aim of this study was to investigate spring two-row barley quality as mega-trait depending on the component traits in the conditions of the Pannonian environments. Regression analysis with extract (EXT) as dependant and other traits (yield-YIL, test weight-TW, grain weight-GW, grading-GRA, grain protein concentration-GPC, viscosity-VIS, Kolbach index-KOL, Hartong number-HAR) as independent traits was performed out. Simple coefficient of correlations were calculated between independent traits and EXT in all pair combination and then used as inputs for path coefficient analysis. The quadratic curve fitted the best relationship between EXT and the independent traits. EXT was in positive (P lt 0.01) relationship with GW, GRA, KOL, and HAR with simple correlation coefficient of 0.47, 0.42, 0.39 and 0.50, respectively and in negative (P lt 0.01) relationship with GPC and VIS with simple correlation coefficient of -0.72 and -0.51, respectively. Path analysis explained more than 70% of the variation in EXT of which 34.3% was determined by direct negative path coefficient (P lt 0.01) of GPC without significant any indirect path effect. VIS negatively directly, (P lt 0.01) and negatively indirectly via GPC effected EXT. KOL did not have significant direct effect on EXT, but had rather prominent indirect effect via GPC, VIS and HAR. HAR positively directly (P lt 0.01) and positively indirectly via GPC effected EXT. The direct effect of VIS and HAR determined 13.0% and 14.1% of the variation, respectively.Kvalitet pivskog ječma određuje veliki broj međusobno povezanih osobina, kompleksne biohemijske i genetička osnove. Ekstrakt slada je osnovni pokazatelj kvaliteta pivskog ječma i može se smatrati mega osobinom, pošto zavisi od delovanja velikog broja drugih osobina. Poznavanje genetičkih i negenetičkih faktora pod čijom kontrolom se nalazi kvalitet i prinos pivskog ječma suštinsko je za stvaranje novih sorti i uspešnu semensku i merkantilnu proizvodnju. Path analiza je pouzdana statistička metoda koja omogućava razdvajanje direktnih i indirektnih efekata nezavisnih osobina na mega osobinu ili mega osobine. Indirektni efekti su posledica međuzavisnosti i zajedničkog delovanja nezavisnih osobina. Cilj ovoga istraživanja je proučavanje ekstrakta slada, kao mega osobine, u zavisnosti od osnovnih osobina zrna i slada, koje su u određenoj vezi sa sadržajem ekstrakta u sladu. Istraživanje je obavljeno u periodu 1998-2004 na osam sorti dvoredog jarog ječma u agroekološkim uslovima Panonske nizije. Odnos između sadržaja ekstrakta u sladu (EXT) kao zavisne osobine i prinosa (YIL), zapreminske mase (TW), mase hiljadu zrna (GW), sortiranja (GRA), sadržaja proteina u zrnu (GPC), viskoziteta (VIS), Kolbah indeksa (KOL), Hartong broja (HAR) kao nezavisnih osobina određeni su regresionom analizom, prostom korelacijom i path analizom. Kvadratna regresija je najbolje predstavljala funkcionalnu determinisanost EXT navedenim nezavisnim osobinama, mada nisu utvrđene statisički značajne vrednosti koeficijenta determinacije. Vrednosti prostih koeficijenta korelacije između EXT s jedne strane i GW, GRA, KOL, i HAR sa druge strane bile su pozitivne (P lt 0.01) i iznosile su 0.47, 0.42, 0.39 i 0.50, respective. EXT je bio u negativnoj (P lt 0.01) korelacionoj vezi sa GPC, -0.72 i VIS, -0.51. Path analiza je objasnila 70% varijabilnosti kod EXT, od čega je 34.3% bilo pod uticajem negativnog direktnog path koeficijenta GPC, koji nije imao značajnih indirektnih efekata. VIS je imao značajan (P lt 0.01) direktan efekat na EXT i indirektan efekat preko GPC. KOL nije imao značajan direktan efekat na EXT ali su bile visoke vrednosti indirektnih efekata KOL preko GPC, VIS i HAR. HAR je imao značajan pozitivan (P lt 0.01) direktan efekat na EXT i indirektan efekat preko GPC. Pod uticajem VIS bilo je 13.0%, a pod uticajem HAR 14.1% od ukupne varijabilnosti EXT

Značaj faze organogeneze formiranje klasića u biologiji prinosa ozimog dvoredog ječma

Plants evolve through strictly defined stages of development, which can be identified by changes in plant phenotype or by changes in the morphology of apical meristem. Differentiation of apical meristem passes through phases that proceed in a precise chronological order. This paper analyzes the significance of the length of the period of spikelet primordia formation i.e. the double ridge (DR) phase, and its genotypic and phenotypic correlation with the other growth phases and yield components. In the course of five growing seasons (2002-03 to 2006-07) we studied the development of apical meristem in three two-rowed winter barley cultivars - Novi Sad 525 Sonate and Monaco. DR stage was shortest in the seasons with favorable weather conditions during that stage. It was longest when conditions were unfavorable, especially when temperatures were high. The shortest DR stage was found in the early cultivar Novosadski 525, the longest in the medium early cultivar Sonate. The cultivars had similar genotypic and phenotypic correlations between the length of DR stage on one side and the duration of the other development stages and yield components on the other side. DR period length was positively correlated with the duration of the formation of leaf primordia and negatively correlated with the other development stages i.e. grain filling period, numbers of leaves and spikes and harvest index. The obtained results may find practical application in winter barley breeding. Further more detailed study involving a number of cultivars is required in order to confirm the above results.Biljke prolaze kroz tačno definisane faze razvića koje mogu biti predstavljene na osnovu promena koje se dešavaju na fenotipu biljke ili na osnovu promena u morfologiji apikalnog meristema. Diferencijacija apikalnog meristema odvija se kroz faze koje se nalaze u određenom hronološkom redosledu. U radu je analiziran značaj dužine formiranja primordija klasića faza dvostrukog grebena (DR) i njene genotipske i fenotipske povezanosti sa ostalim fazama razvića i komponentama prinosa. Tokom pet sezona (od 2002-2003. do 2006-2007) proučavano je razviće apikalnog meristema kod tri sorte ozimog dvoredog ječma Novosadski 525, Sonate i Monaco. DR faza je bila najkraća u sezonama kada su vladali povoljni vremenski uslovi tokom odvijanja ove faze, a najduža kada su uslovi bili nepovoljni, pre svega visoke temperature. Najkraći DR period imala je ranozrela sorta Novosadski 525, a najduži srednje rana sorta Sonate. Utvrđene su slične genotipske i fenotipske korelacije između dužine DR i dužine trajanja ostalih faza razvića i komponenti prinosa. Dužina DR perioda bila je u pozitivnoj korelaciji sa dužinom perioda formiranja primordija listova, a u negativnoj korelaciji sa ostalim fazama razvića, periodom nalivanja zrna, brojem listova i klasova i žetvenim indeksom. Formiranje primordija listova i klasića kao i razviće cvetova i klasića nalazi se pod najvećom kontrolom genotipa, gde je učešće varijanse sorte preko 80% i godine do 10%. Dobijeni rezultati mogu imati praktičan značaj u oplemenjivanju ozimog dvoredog ječma. Za potvrđivanje ovih rezultata neophodna su detaljnija istraživanja sa većim brojem sorti

Dunav i Vrbas - nove NS sorte jarog ovsa

Oat breeding program has been revived at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad after almost fifty years. From this program the following varieties were released: in 2001 spring naked oat Novosadski golozrni, in 2008 spring chaffy oat Dunav and in 2009 spring chaffy oat Vrbas. Variety Dunav has also been released in Bosnia and Herzegovina but renamed as Jelena. Dunav and Vrbas are hexaploid varieties of species Avena sativa. In two-year six-location trials of the Commission for variety release variety Dunav has had an average higher yield of 711 kg ha-1 than standard, and variety Vrbas higher yield of 380 kg ha-1. Both varieties are well-resistant to lodging. Variety Dunav features special quality grain with grain protein content of 16.2 %, oils 4.7 % and cellulose 9 %. Regarding growing conditions, variety Dunav is more tolerant to less favourable conditions, while variety Vrbas demands more favourable conditions to fulfill its genetic potential. .U Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo Novi Sad nakon skoro pedeset godina inoviran je program oplemenjivanja ovsa. Iz tog programa je 2001. priznata sorta jarog golozrnog ovsa Novosadski golozrni, 2008. jara sorta plevičastog ovsa Dunav i 2009. jara sorta plevičastog ovsa Vrbas. Sorta Dunav priznata je u BiH pod nazivom Jelena. Dunav i Vrbas su heksaploidne sorte i pripadaju vrsti Avena sativa. U dvogodišnjim ogledima Komisije za priznavanje sorti koji su izvedeni na šest lokaliteta, sorta Dunav je imala u proseku veći prinos od standarda za 711 kg ha-1, a sorta Vrbas veći prinos za 380 kg ha-1. Obe sorte imaju dobru otpornost na poleganje. Sorta Dunav odlikuje se posebno kvalitetnim zrnom sa sadržajem proteina u zrnu od 16,2 %, masti 4,7 % i celuloze 9 %. U pogledu uslova gajenja sorta Dunav je tolerantnija na manje povoljne uslove, dok sorta Vrbas za realizaciju genetskog potencija zahteva povoljnije uslove.

Nove NS sorte ozimog višeredog ječma

The paper describes the characteristics of several new NS varieties of winter six-rowed barley released in Serbia between 2004 and 2007. These are Somborac, Ozren, Javor, Novosadski 773, Sremac and Leotar. In the official variety trials in the country, all six of these varieties outyielded the check variety, and the margins were as follows: Somborac - 3.4%, Ozren - 5.0%, Javor - 7.3%, Novosadski 773 - 3.4%, Sremac - 7.4%, and Leotar - 7.2%. Yield levels in absolute terms depended on the variety as well as year. All six-rowed NS varieties headed earlier than the check and had better resistance to lodging than the check has. The test weight of the new varieties was 70.2-73.8 kg/hl and the 1000-grain weight 33.4-50.2 g. The cellulose content was 4.4-4.8%, the fat content 1.4%, and the protein content 13.3-14.6%. The high variability of the new NS varieties of winter six-rowed barley makes it possible to choose the most suitable genotype for each barley-growing area in the country. .U radu su prikazane osobine novih NS sorti ozimog višeredog ječma - Somborac, Ozren, Javor, Novosadski 773, Sremac i Leotar, koje su registrovane u Srbiji u periodu 2004-2007. godina. U ogledima Komisije za priznavanje sorti Republike Srbije sve sorte imale su veći prinos od standarda; sorta Somborac za 3,4%, sorta Ozren za 5,0%, sorta Javor za 7,3%, sorta Novosadski 773 za 3,4%, sorta Sremac za 7,4% i sorta Leotar za 7,2%. Apsolutne vrednosti prinosa zavisile su pored sorte i od perioda ispitivanja. Sve nove sorte klasale su ranije od standarda i imale bolju otpornost na poleganje. Hektolitarska masa novih sorti iznosila je 70,2-73,8 kg/hl, a masa hiljadu zrna 33,4-50,2 g. Sadržaj celuloze iznosio je 4,4-4,8%, masti 1,4%, a proteina 13,3-14,6%. Varijabilnost novih NS sorti ozimog višeredog ječma osnova je za izbor odgovarajuće sorte za svako proizvodno područje u Srbiji.