Sex-related ERP differences in deviance detection

The effect of sex on neural mechanisms of auditory mismatch detection was examined using dense sensor array (128 channel) event-related potential recordings (ERPs). ERPs of 32 right-handed subjects (16 males) were recorded to frequent (85%, 880 Hz) and infrequent (15%, 1480 Hz) tones. There were no sex differences in mismatch negativity (80–180 ms), however, the fronto-central P2 (180–260 ms) was less positive in males (F=12.56, P\u3c0.005) and the N2 (260–340 ms) was more negative in males (F=6.28, P\u3c0.05). The increased negativity in males spanning the P2 and N2 may index a top–down process of attention bias towards novelty. This result supports the hypothesis of an adaptive, sexually dimorphic processing of novel events in humans

High-Density Recording and Topographic Analysis of the Auditory Oddball Event-Related Potential in Schizophrenia

Background: Prior research has shown reductions of the N1, N2, and P300 auditory event-related potential (ERP) components in schizophrenic patients. Most studies have shown a greater P300 reduction in left versus right temporal leads in schizophrenic patients. These studies were done with sparse electrode arrays, covering restricted areas of the head, thus providing an incomplete representation of the topographic field distribution. Methods: We used a 64-channel montage to acquire auditory oddball ERPs from 24 schizophrenic patients and 24 controls subjects. The N1, P2, N2, P300, and N2 difference (N2d) amplitudes and latencies were tested for group and laterality differences. Component topographies were mapped onto a three-dimensional head model to display the group differences. Results: The schizophrenic group showed reduction of the N1 component, perhaps reflecting reduced arousal or vigilance, but no N1 topographic difference. An N2d was not apparent in the schizophrenic patients, perhaps reflecting severe disruption in neural systems of stimulus categorization. In the patients, the P300 was smaller over the left temporal lobe sites than the right. Conclusions: The increased ERP spatial sampling allowed a more complete representation of the dipolar nature of the P300, which showed field contours consistent with neural sources in the posterior superior temporal plane

Disruption of Neural Systems of Visual Attention in Schizophrenia

Background: Patients with schizophrenia show attention deficits. The frontal P2a and posterior N2b event-related potential components are early indices of activity in neural systems supporting attention and they are reduced in schizophrenia in auditory tasks. However, the auditory P300 is reduced as well. Thus, the P2a and N2b reductions may simply reflect a general event-related potential amplitude reduction. The visual P300, however, is often spared in schizophrenia. If neural systems supporting attention are specifically disrupted in schizophrenia, the attention-sensitive P2a and N2b should be differentially reduced in patients, compared with the P300, in a visual attention task. Methods: We analyzed 64-channel event-related potentials from 14 schizophrenic patients and 14 control subjects in a visual object–spatial attention task. We examined the amplitude of the P2a, N2b, and P300 components in the target minus standard difference wave to see if there was a differential reduction of the P2a and N2b compared with the P300. Results: Both the P2a and N2b waveforms were reduced in the patient group (81%[control mean, 1.99 µV; patient mean, 0.38 µV] and 95% [control mean, 0.55 µV; patient mean, 0.03 µV], respectively) while the P300 was not reduced. Measured at the peak of the frontal P2a, the N2b was larger dorsally in the spatial task and larger ventrally in the object task in the control group. Conclusions: The spatial distribution of the P2a and N2b was consistent with activity in the prefrontal cortex and modality-specific posterior cortex, respectively. The differential reduction of the P2a and N2b waveforms supports the hypothesis of specific disruption in neural systems of visual attention in schizophrenia

Comment and Controversy Edited by Stephen P. Stone, MD Applying to dermatology residency without a home program: Advice to medical students in the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond

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Event-Related Potentials to Auditory and Visual Selective Attention in Schizophrenia

Background: Prior studies have shown a consistent reduction of the auditory P300 in schizophrenia, while the visual attention findings have been mixed. Both the auditory and visual N2b, an earlier, modality-specific attention index, are reduced in schizophrenia, sometimes despite sparing of the visual P300. Thus there may be a dissociation between the N2b and P300 attention effects in auditory and visual modalities in schizophrenia. Methods: Thirteen patients and thirteen controls observed symbols appearing on a screen, paired with simultaneous tones. In some blocks subjects responded to one of the symbols, in others to one of the tones. The N2b was predicted to be reduced in the patient group in both auditory and visual attention but the P300 reduced only while attending to tones. Results: Results showed a reduction of the N1 component in the patient group in the auditory condition but not in the visual. There was a reduction of the N2b target-minus-non-target difference wave in the patients in both auditory and visual target conditions. The P300 component was larger overall in the control group in both modalities, but did not show the usual enhancement to auditory targets in the control group. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the ability to selectively attend to a target in one modality while ignoring the other is compromised in patients with schizophrenia. Perceptual processing appears to be impacted in the auditory modality while remaining intact in the visual. The N2b appears more vulnerable than the P300 in both auditory and visual attention in schizophrenia

Transdiagnostic Psychiatric Symptoms And Event-Related Potentials Following Rewarding And Aversive Outcomes

There is a need for a better understanding of transdiagnostic psychiatric symptoms that relate to neurophysiological abnormalities following rewarding and aversive feedback in order to inform development of novel targeted treatments. To address this need, we examined a transdiagnostic sample of 44 adults (mean age: 35.52; 57% female), which consisted of individuals with broadly-defined schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (n = 16), bipolar disorders (n = 10), other mood and anxiety disorders (n = 5), and no history of a psychiatric disorder (n = 13). Participants completed a Pavlovian monetary reward prediction task during 32- channel electroencephalogram recording. We assessed the event-related potentials (ERPs) of feedback-related negativity (FRN), feedback-related positivity (FRP), and the late positive potential (LPP), following better and worse than expected outcomes. Examination of symptom relationships using stepwise regressions across the entire sample revealed that an increase in the clinician-rated Negative Symptoms factor score from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, was related to a decreased LPP amplitude during better than expected (i.e., rewarding) outcomes. We also found that increased self-reported scores on the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (Brief-Revised) Disorganized factor related to an increased FRN amplitude during worse than expected (i.e., aversive) outcomes. Across the entire sample, the FRP component amplitudes did not show significant relationships to any of the symptoms examined. Analyses of the three diagnostic groups of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, bipolar disorders, and nonpsychiatric controls did not reveal any statistically significant differences across the ERP amplitudes and conditions. These findings suggest relationships between specific neurophysiological abnormalities following rewarding and aversive outcomes and particular transdiagnostic psychiatric symptoms

Spatial Frequency Discrimination in Schizophrenia

Pathways within the visual system can be distinguished on the basis of selectivity for low or high spatial frequencies. Spatial frequency discrimination was evaluated in 17 medicated male patients with schizophrenia and 19 male control subjects. Subjects were required to discriminate whether pairs of high contrast, sinusoidally modulated gratings were the same or different in spatial frequency. Accuracy performance was compared at high, medium, and low spatial frequencies on tasks matched for control performance. Patients showed a greater performance decrement of 12% on low as compared with 4% on high spatial frequencies. These findings suggest a disturbance of right hemisphere mechanisms involved in spatial perception and attention in schizophrenia