Daytime Sleep Enhances Consolidation of the Spatial but Not Motoric Representation of Motor Sequence Memory

Motor sequence learning is known to rely on more than a single process. As the skill develops with practice, two different representations of the sequence are formed: a goal representation built under spatial allocentric coordinates and a movement representation mediated through egocentric motor coordinates. This study aimed to explore the influence of daytime sleep (nap) on consolidation of these two representations. Through the manipulation of an explicit finger sequence learning task and a transfer protocol, we show that both allocentric (spatial) and egocentric (motor) representations of the sequence can be isolated after initial training. Our results also demonstrate that nap favors the emergence of offline gains in performance for the allocentric, but not the egocentric representation, even after accounting for fatigue effects. Furthermore, sleep-dependent gains in performance observed for the allocentric representation are correlated with spindle density during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep of the post-training nap. In contrast, performance on the egocentric representation is only maintained, but not improved, regardless of the sleep/wake condition. These results suggest that motor sequence memory acquisition and consolidation involve distinct mechanisms that rely on sleep (and specifically, spindle) or simple passage of time, depending respectively on whether the sequence is performed under allocentric or egocentric coordinates

Daytime Sleep Enhances Consolidation of the Spatial but Not Motoric Representation of Motor Sequence Memory

Motor sequence learning is known to rely on more than a single process. As the skill develops with practice, two different representations of the sequence are formed: a goal representation built under spatial allocentric coordinates and a movement representation mediated through egocentric motor coordinates. This study aimed to explore the influence of daytime sleep (nap) on consolidation of these two representations. Through the manipulation of an explicit finger sequence learning task and a transfer protocol, we show that both allocentric (spatial) and egocentric (motor) representations of the sequence can be isolated after initial training. Our results also demonstrate that nap favors the emergence of offline gains in performance for the allocentric, but not the egocentric representation, even after accounting for fatigue effects. Furthermore, sleep-dependent gains in performance observed for the allocentric representation are correlated with spindle density during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep of the post-training nap. In contrast, performance on the egocentric representation is only maintained, but not improved, regardless of the sleep/wake condition. These results suggest that motor sequence memory acquisition and consolidation involve distinct mechanisms that rely on sleep (and specifically, spindle) or simple passage of time, depending respectively on whether the sequence is performed under allocentric or egocentric coordinates.status: publishe

A Novel Low-Cost Synchronous/Asynchronous Microcontroller-Based Pulsed Laser

The development and implementation of continuous-wave (CW) or pulsed lasers has become essential in all areas of science and engineering. In the case of pulsed lasers, their emission period is commonly set up by the length of the laser cavity, which implies that it is necessary to replace the whole laser or modify the cavity to change the repetition rate. On the other hand, microcontrollers, capable of performing specific tasks saving size, cost and power consumption, have proven to be a powerful tool for various applications. To the best of our knowledge, we present a novel pulsed laser based on a very low-cost commercial microcontroller and a continuous-wave laser diode, where the pulse width and period are adjustable through a graphical user interface (GUI); besides, a new temporal asynchronous regime consisting of periodic packets of multiple pulses is produced. Pulses from 8 to 60 ms duration and with periods from 0.25 to 5 s are presented. These long optical pulses can be useful in certain applications where conventional pulses cannot be used due to their inadequate pulse width or period or intensity, such as simulating the neuronal activity of the brain or the development of neuromorphic hardware, where the response times are in the order of ms

Transfer, offline changes in performance and correlation between spindle density and over-nap gains in performance for the allocentric representation.

<p>Bars represent SEM. (*) p<0.05, (o) p>0.05. A- Left panel: The transfer in sequence knowledge is illustrated by faster performance on the representation test session (with reverted keyboard) as compared to the initial blocks of training that did not differ between representations, hence suggesting the existence of 2 distinct (spatial and motor) representations of the sequence. Right panel: The effect of transfer did not differ between groups. B- Offline gains in performance are sleep-dependent for the ALLO representation whereas emerge irrespective of the sleep/wake condition for the EGO representation. When controlling for fatigue effect (data not shown), only the ALLO-NAP group showed significant offline gains in performance. C- Scatter plot showing significant correlation between spindle density (number of spindles per minute of NREM sleep relative to the total recording time) and over-nap gains in performance (s) in the ALLO-NAP group. Each data point represents a single subject of the ALLO-NAP group. Note that the correlation between spindle density and over-nap gains in performance remains significant (r = 0.62, p = 0.02) even after controlling for fatigue effects (data not shown).</p

Behavioral results.

<p>Bars represent SEM. Mean block duration (s) during training (T), Representation Test (RT) and Representation Retest (RR) sessions for the ALLO-NAP, ALLO-NONAP, EGO-NAP and EGO-NONAP groups.</p

Individual offline changes in performance.

<p>Left panel: Individual between-session gains in performance for each group (s). Each point represents the difference between the average performance on the last two blocks of the representation test (RT) session and the average performance on the first two blocks of the representation retest (RR) session. Red points represent each group average in offline gain in performance. Right panel: Distribution of offline changes in performance sorted by amplitude. Note that the best quartile of the population (11 best subjects observable on the left side of the plot) is mainly composed of ALLO-NAP subjects (55%).</p

Task and experimental protocol.

<p>Training panel: All the subjects were trained on the FTT with the usual set-up (hand on the keypad). Representation test panel: After initial training, switching the keypad and hand coordinates by turning it upside down, allowed to distinguish between two types of representation of the sequence: the spatial allocentric (ALLO, same spatial sequence but different finger movements) and motor egocentric (EGO, same finger movements but different spatial sequence) representations. Representation retest panel: After a 90-minute nap (NAP) or a wake period (NONAP), all subjects were retested on the representation they were trained on.</p

Daytime sleep and spindle characteristics.

<p>Experimental daytime sleep recordings were scored according to standard criteria <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052805#pone.0052805-Rechtschaffen1" target="_blank">[44]</a>. Spindle detection was performed with a semi-automatic procedure (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052805#s2" target="_blank">methods</a>). Unpaired t-tests were carried out to compare the sleep architecture between groups. REM: Rapid Eye Movement.</p>¥<p>Size (Area) is presented in standardized µV²*s.</p>•<p>Spindle density is presented in number of spindles per percentage of time passed in NREM relative to the total recording time (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0052805#s2" target="_blank">methods</a>).</p