Natural History of the Gyrfalcon in the Central Canadian Arctic

A population of breeding gyrfalcons was studied from 1982 to 1986 on a 2000 sq km area in the central Arctic of the Northwest Territories. Each year 14-18 territories were occupied. The mean internest distance was 10.6 km, giving one of the highest recorded densities for the species. There was a tendency for regularity in spacing of territories. Most (85%) nests were in abandoned stick nests of common ravens or golden eagles. Rough-legged hawk nests were not used by gyrfalcons, despite numerous available. Mean date of initiation of laying was 8 May. Mean size of clutch was 3.80 and of brood was 2.53, and mean productivity was 1.50 fledged young. A reduction of 48% from estimated number of eggs laid to number of fledglings was determined. Reproductive success declined with increased severity of spring weather, notably increased days and amount of precipitation.Key words: gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus), natural history, reproductive ecology, central ArcticMots clés: gerfaut (Falco rusticolus), histoire naturelle, écologie de la reproduction, région centrale arctiqu

Some Characteristics of Polar Bears Killed during Conflicts with Humans in the Northwest Territories, 1976-86

We examined 265 cases where polar bears were killed in the Northwest Territories as a result of bear-human encounters between 1 July 1976 and 30 June 1986. Age and sex of the bears, time of year and general circumstances of the cases were characterized. Subadult animals constituted 53% of the aged sample, and males accounted for 70% of the sexed bears. Subadult males represented 40% of known age and sex bears. Problem kills occurred throughout the year but were most frequent in the ice-free season (August-November). In 222 cases where circumstances surrounding the death were known, 63% were associated with Inuit on the land, 18% with settlements, 15% were industrial sites and 4% with research activities. Most problem kills (87%) were not included in the quota harvest. This mortality in excess of the quota may adversely affect some populations. Therefore, wherever possible we encourage the inclusion of problem bears on community quotas.Key words: polar bear (Ursus maritimus), problem bears, bear-human encounters, Arctic, Northwest TerritoriesMots clés: ours polaire (Ursus maririmus), ours-problèmes, rencontres entre l’homme et l’ours, Arctique, Territoires du Nord-Oues

Reply to: comparative effectiveness medicines research cannot assess efficacy

We appreciate the insightful comments from Drs. Dal-Ré and Carcas in their letter to the editor regarding our paper “Publication of comparative effectiveness research (CER) has not increased in high-impact medical journals, 2004–2013

Publication of comparative effectiveness research has not increased in high-impact medical journals, 2004-2013

Objective To explore the impact of increasing interest and investment in patient-centered research, this study sought to describe patterns of comparative effectiveness research (CER) and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in pharmacologic intervention studies published in widely read medical journals from 2004-2013. Design and Setting We identified 2335 articles published in five widely read medical journals from 2004-2013 with ≥1 intervention meeting the US Food and Drug Administration's definitions for a drug, biologic, or vaccine. Six trained reviewers extracted characteristics from a 20% random sample of articles (468 studies). We calculated the proportion of studies with CER and PROs. Trends were summarized using locally-weighted means and 95% confidence intervals. Results Of the 468 sampled studies, 30% used CER designs and 33% assessed PROs. The proportion of studies using CER designs did not meaningfully increase over the study period. However, we observed an increase in the use of PROs. Conclusions Among pharmacological intervention studies published in widely read medical journals from 2004-2013, we identified no increase in CER. Randomized, placebo-controlled trials continue to be the dominant study design for assessing pharmacologic interventions. Increasing trends in PRO use may indicate greater acceptance of these outcomes as evidence for clinical benefit

Fungicide resistance management in Australian grain crops

Fungicide resistance is a serious and increasing problem in cropping systems worldwide. Fungicides are an important component of integrated disease management strategies for the protection of crops from the impacts of fungal diseases. However, as their use has increased, the effectiveness of some fungicides has been reduced by the development of fungicide resistant pathogen populations. Without intervention, more fungicides are likely to become ineffective

Track A Basic Science

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138319/1/jia218438.pd

Reconsidering theoretical progress in organizational and management research

Theory development is a high priority in organizational and management research. However, theory development is often equated with building new theory, a practice that is rewarded in the publication process and encouraged by norms that pervade the field. This practice has produced a proliferation of theories, most of which are not exposed to rigorous empirical research that probes core propositions and puts theories at risk. In the interest of theory development, management and organizational research would make better progress if we devoted more attention to theoretical refinement, conducting research that identifies the boundaries and limitations of theories, stages competitive tests between rival theories, and increases the precision of theories so they yield strong predictions that can be falsified. These issues are addressed by the articles that constitute this feature topic, with the goal of enhancing theoretical progress in management and organizational research