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Not AvailableDe novo assembly of reads produced by next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies offers a rapid approach to obtain expressed gene sequences for non-model organisms. Senna (Cassia angustifolia vahl.), is drought tolerant annual under shrub of Caesalpiniaceae, a sub family of Fabaceae. There are insufficient transcriptomic and genomic data in public databases for understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the drought tolerance of Senna. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to know the transcriptome profile of senna, with special reference to drought stress. RNA from two different stages of leaf development was extracted and sequenced separately using the Illumina technology. A total of 200 million reads were generated and de novo assembly of processed reads in the pooled transcriptome using Trinity yielded 43,413 transcripts which were further annotated using NCBI BLAST with ‘green plant database (txid 33090)’, Swiss Prot, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes & genomes (KEGG), Cluster of orthologous gene (COG) and Gene Ontology (GO). Out of the total transcripts, 42,280 (95.0%) were annotated by BLASTX against green plant database of NCBI. Senna transcriptome showed highest similarity to Glycine max (41%), followed by Phaseolus vulgaris (16%), Cicer arietinum (15%), and Medicago trancatula (5%). Highest number of GO terms were enriched for molecular functions category of these “catalytic activity” (GO: 0003824) (25.10%) and “binding activity” (GO: 0005488) (20.10%) were most abundantly represented. We used InterProscan to see protein similarity at domain level, a total of 33,256 transcripts were annotated against the Pfam domains. The transcripts were assigned to various KEGG pathways. Coding DNA sequences (CDS) encoding various drought stress regulated pathways such as signaling factors, protein modifying/degrading enzymes, biosynthesis of phytoharmone, phytoharmone signaling, osmatically active compounds, free radical scavengers, chlorophyll metabolism, leaf cuticular wax, polyamines and protective proteins were identified through BLASTX search. Lucine rich repeat kinase family was the most abundantly found group of protein kinases. Orphan, bHLH and bZIP family TFs were the most abundantly found in senna. Six genes encoding MYC2 transcription factor, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED), L-ascorbate peroxidase (APX), aminocyclopropane carboxylate oxidase (ACO), Abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase (ABA) and WRKY transcription factor were confirmed through Reverse Transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) and Sanger sequencing for the first time in Senna. The potential drought stress related transcripts identified in this study provide a good start for further investigation into the drought adaptation in senna. Additionally, our transcriptome sequences are the valuable resource for accelerated genomics-assisted genetic improvement programs and facilitate a better understanding and more effective manipulation of biochemical pathways for developing drought tolerant crop plants.DST SERB and ICA

Green Simplistic Biosynthesis of AntiBacterial Silver Nanoparticles Using Annona Squamosa Leaf Extract

Green nanotechnology involves the synthesis of nanoparticles without the involvement of toxic chemicals. The present study reports the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Annona squamosa leaf extract rapidly within 20 min. High throughput characterization such as UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Zeta potential measurements disclose the existence of silver nanoparticles. The phenolic compounds present in the aqueous leaves extract paves way for the possible reduction of silver to nano-silver. Electron microscopic studies revealed the average size of nanoparticles were 52 nm. The nanoparticles are highly stable by reaching a zeta potential value of −33.6 mV. Comparative antibacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles was investigated by disk diffusion and microtitre broth dilution method against Escherichia coli. The result showed that silver nanoparticles are toxic to E. coli cells at higher concentration. Overall, we suggest microtitre broth dilution method is more reliable to determine the antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles than disk diffusion method

Progress in the production of hydrogen energy from food waste: A bibliometric analysis

The exponential increase in food waste generation has prompted the scientific community to convert it into value-added resources. Hydrogen energy provides a sustainable option to fossil fuels due to its purity, high energy content, with no emissions other than water vapor. Combining the two aspects, a bibliometric analysis was performed for the conversion of food waste to hydrogen energy to evaluate the research trends based on literature in the Scopus database over the last two decades. The cluster analysis supported with the visualization tool aided in conducting a systematic study revealing growing themes and hot issues. The results showed a growing interest in the conversion of food waste to hydrogen energy research with the number of publications increasing by nearly 50 times in the last two decades. Comprehensive journals like the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy were most popular in publishing articles contributing to almost 30% in the research area. The country-wise analysis revealed that China accounted for more than 25% of the articles published followed by South Korea and India while the USA dominated in terms of the number of citations. Lastly, keyword cluster analysis revealed five major research hotspots for future discussion. The study concludes that further perspectives on fuel delivery, environmental impacts, and social acceptance could aid in positive developments in the biohydrogen energy industry. (C) 2021 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Assessment of earthworm diversity and pesticide toxicity in Eudrilus Eugeniae

Pesticides have become an inseparable part of modern agricultural production and technology. Malathion pesticide more than 139,000 MT production capacity annually, with more than 219 technical grade and manufacturing units, and over 4000 formulation units in India. The earthworm survey was carried out in all the five sites at regular monthly intervals. In this present work, a total of six earthworms from five different species were collected from different vegetation such as garden, pond, paddy, edible tubers, and sugarcane field. The organophosphate pesticide malathion is selected as a target compound for toxicity study. The earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae was used as a model organism. Contact toxicity was studied by filter paper method and to observe the mortality rate of different concentrations of pesticide for 24 and 48 h. The soil toxicity study was done by using artificial soil for 14 days. Surviving worms also had reduced body weight, and in some cases, morphological changes. Enzymatic activities of SOD, CAT, and protease were evaluated in the vermicast of pesticide-treated earthworm. This study refers to the earthworm population between pesticide-contaminated and unpolluted soil. This work will provide information to estimate the toxic level of Malathion against the earthworm

3-[2-Cyclopropyl-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-5-(4-methylsulfanylbenzylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione

In the title compound, C22H18FNO3S2, the five-membered thiazolidine ring is planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.003 Å) and forms dihedral angles of 70.2 (3), 73.16 (17) and 10.32 (14)° with the cyclopropane, fluorobenzene and methylthiobenzene rings, respectively. The sum of the bond angles around the thiazolidine ring N atom (359.6°) indicates sp2 hybridization. The molecular structure features intramolecular C—H...S, C—H...F and C—H...O interactions. In the crystal, no significant intermolecular contacts were apparent

Isolation, Characterization and In-Silico Study of Conotoxin Protein from Conus loroisii and Its Anti-cancer Activity

International audienc

Deep sequencing-based de novo transcriptome analysis reveals biosynthesis of gymnemic acid in Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Schult

Not AvailableGymnema sylvestre extract is used to cure the diabetes mellitus which is an important life style disease. Triterpene saponins having anti-diabetic property from G. sylvestre leaves belonging to oleanane and dammarene classes are collectively known as gymnemic acid. Genomic resources focused on biosynthesis of these molecules are not available. De novo transcriptome sequencing of leaf, flower and fruits of G. sylvestre genotype DGS-22 produced 60.95, 56.99 and 45.82 million raw reads. Quality raw reads were assembled into 112583, 203145 and 138343 set of unigenes for leaf, flower and fruit, respectively from which coding DNA sequences (CDSs) were predicted. Total of 71676, 99643 and 92770 CDSs were annotated against protein databases for leaf, flower and fruit, respectively. The Blast2GO was used to compare and determine the GO annotations. A total of 22933, 30420,29631 and 33282 CDSs of leaf, flower, fruit and master assembly, respectively were assigned at least one GO term. Pathway mapping based on master assembly using KEGG database revealed probable candidate genesinvolved in gymnemic acid biosynthesis which showed that there were total of 287 CDSs encoding genes involved in the gymnemic acid pathway. Validation and expression profiling of nine genes through real time PCR showed up regulation of these genes in leaves of DGS 22 as compared to DGS 3 confirming efficient gymnemicacid biosynthesis in DGS 22 which was in accordance with chemo-profiling of these genotypes. Based on theavailable information from the master assembly, a putative pathway of the gymnemic acid biosynthesis isproposed.Not Availabl