50 research outputs found

    Method to Predict the Non-Uniform Potential Distribution in Random Electrical Machine Windings under Pulse Voltage Stress

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    This article describes a practical method for predicting the distribution of electric potential inside an electrical machine’s winding based on design data. It broadens the understanding of winding impedance in terms of inter-winding behavior and allows to properly design an electrical machine’s insulation system during the development phase. The predictions are made based on an frequency-dependent equivalent circuit of the electrical machine which is validated by measurements in the time domain and the frequency domain. Element parameters for the equivalent circuit are derived from two-dimensional field simulations. The results demonstrate a non-uniform potential distribution and demonstrate that the potential difference between individual turns and between turns and the stator core exceeds the expected values. The findings also show a link between winding impedance and potential oscillations inside the winding. Additionally, the article provides an overview of the chronological progression of turn-based models and shows how asynchronous multiprocessing is used to accelerate the solution process of the equivalent circuit

    Analytical determination of the turn-to-turn capacitances for the prediction of voltage peaks in a PWM-fed motor winding

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    The number of inverter-fed motors is increasing due to the good controllability of the motor and the meanwhile low acquisition costs. The steep voltage slopes of the converters lead to an uneven voltage distribution along the winding and thus to voltage peaks between the conductors, which stresses the insulation. The voltage distribution can be predicted by means of equivalent circuit diagrams, which take into account the capacitive coupling between the conductors. This paper presents a novel approach for an analytical determination of the turn-to-turn capacitances, which, in addition to the geometry and the placement of the conductors, considers the influence of materials with different permittivities.The conductors are simulated by means of line charges discretely placed inside the electrodes and receptor points attached to the conductor surfaces. The capacitances are determined by means of the Maxwell capacitance matrix. The method is validated by means of FEM simulations for different geometries and materials

    Analytical Determination of the Slot and the End-Winding Portion of the Winding-to-Rotor Capacitance for the Prediction of Shaft Voltage in Electrical Machines

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    Common-mode voltage, caused by a 2-level inverter, is a source of discharge currents in motor bearings. Due to the capacitive coupling, between the stator winding and the rotor, an image of the common-mode voltage is produced on the shaft—which can exceed the dielectric strength of the lubrication film of motor bearings. Accurate determination of the winding-to-rotor capacitance is necessary to predict the shaft voltage. This article proposes a novel analytical determination of the slot and the end-winding portion of the winding-to-rotor capacitance. The calculation rules, which are based on the method of image charges and the charge simulation method, take into account the continuity and the boundary conditions of the field areas. Results are validated by means of finite element method simulations. Notably, deviations are in the single-digit percentage range. Furthermore, the presented methods are simple to implement

    Miniaturisation of electrical machines

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    Purpose – Approaches for a miniaturisation of electrical machines that are based on an electromagnetic principle have to overcome numerous challenges. Some of these are only a result of the rules of growth (or shrinkage), some are a result of the micro technological fabrication processes. This paper aims to give an overview of the current state of the art including various examples of linear and rotating micro actuators that have been realised. Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents details of further miniaturisation by using thin film technology for depositing and structuring soft magnetic and hard magnetic material as well as copper for conductors and insulation. Findings – There are numerous limitations for the miniaturisation with respect to material properties, friction/guidance, etc. and this paper illustrates ways to overcome these limitations. Originality/value – The paper presents a compact overview on the achievements gained in 12 years of research within a collaborative research centre of the German DFG. © 2011, Emerald Group Publishing Limite

    Entwurf von Haarnadelwicklungen unter BerĂĽcksichtigung der transienten Potenzialverteilung

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    With the increasing use of novel semiconductor technologies such as SiC and GaN in inverter-fed electrical machines, the switching losses of the power electronics can be reduced. However, this leads to steeper voltage gradients, resulting in a strongly nonlinear transient potential distribution along the winding of the electrical machine. As a result, the insulation system – especially the turn-to-turn insulation – is subjected to additional voltage stress. To carry out targeted dimensioning of the insulation system, it is necessary to calculate the transient potential distribution in advance. In the design of a hairpin winding, it is possible to influence the transient potential differences by employing a method called “shifting” within the winding scheme and thus to reduce the maximum potential differences that occur. On this basis, a targeted design of winding plans with hairpins can be achieved. Here, both the transient potential differences between the conductors within a slot of the stator core and the potential differences between the conductors of different phases in the end winding region of the machine are considered. Furthermore, the voltage differences between the conductors and the stator core are determined and compared for different variants. In this way, it is possible to reduce the amount of material used in the insulation system. Finally, an advantageous winding layout plan based on reduced potential differences is compared with a reference plan.Mit dem zunehmenden Einsatz von neuen Halbleitertechnologien wie SiC und GaN bei umrichtergespeisten elektrischen Maschinen können die Schaltverluste der Leistungselektronik reduziert werden. Dies führt jedoch zu größeren Spannungsgradienten, woraus sich eine stark nichtlineare transiente Potenzialverteilung entlang der Wicklung der elektrischen Maschine ergibt. Resultierend wird das Isoliersystem – insbesondere die Windungsisolierung – einer zusätzlichen Beanspruchung ausgesetzt. Um eine gezielte Dimensionierung des Isoliersystems vornehmen zu können, ist es demnach erforderlich, die transiente Potenzialverteilung vorauszuberechnen. Im Entwurfsprozess einer Haarnadelwicklung ist es möglich, durch so genanntes „Shifting“ innerhalb des Wicklungsplans die transienten Potenzialdifferenzen zu beeinflussen und somit die maximal auftretenden Potenzialdifferenzen zu reduzieren. Auf dieser Basis kann ein gezieltes Design von Wicklungsplänen mit Hairpins erfolgen. Hierbei werden sowohl die transienten Potenzialdifferenzen zwischen den Leitern innerhalb einer Nut als auch zwischen den Leitern verschiedener Stränge im Endbereich der Maschine berücksichtigt. Außerdem wird das Potenzial zwischen den Leitern und dem Blechpaket identifiziert und für verschiedene Varianten verglichen. Auf diese Weise ist es möglich, den Materialeinsatz für das Isoliersystem zu reduzieren. In einem abschließenden Vergleich wird ein vorteilhafter Nutbelegungsplan auf Basis reduzierter Potenzialdifferenzen einem Referenzplan gegenübergestellt

    Einfluss der Rotorgeometrie auf Schwingungs- und Geräuschemissionen elektrischer Fahrzeugantriebe

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    In the field of traction machines, permanent-magnet synchronous machines are usually designed with step-skewed rotors, i. e., the rotor is skewed along the core length segment by segment by one slot pitch in order to reduce parasitic effects, such as torque ripple, and to improve the acoustic behavior. However, step-skewing the rotor segments in the axial direction reduces the fundamental flux linkage of the permanent magnets compared to an unskewed machine. Therefore, more magnet material must be used in a skewed machine than in an unskewed machine to achieve the same torque, which increases the cost. Furthermore, skewing is a comparatively complex step in the manufacturing process, which increases the production time per machine and the cost. In this article, the influence of rotor pole width modulation on the performance of v-shaped buried magnet topologies is investigated. It evaluates whether this additional modification to the machine geometry can be used to create an unskewed motor that meets the specifications for torque ripple and maximum torque while limiting noise emissions. In order to design the rotor pole width modulation in a profitable way, a combination of magnet angles is identified by an analytical network that can reduce the critical flux density spatial harmonics of the rotor, which stimulate torque ripple and acoustic noise. Afterwards, the analytical results are validated with FEM calculations. The effect of the rotor pole width modulation on torque behavior as well as acoustic noise emission is compared with the step-skewed reference machine.Permanentmagneterregte Synchronmaschinen werden im Bereich der Traktionsmaschinen in der Regel mit einer Rotorstaffelung ausgeführt, d. h. der Rotor wird ähnlich wie bei der Nutschrägung entlang des Blechpakets segmentweise um insgesamt eine Nutteilung am Umfang versetzt, um Parasitäreffekte wie Drehmomentwelligkeit zu reduzieren und das akustische Verhalten zu verbessern. Allerdings wird durch die Staffelung der Rotorsegmente in axialer Richtung die Hauptwellenflussverkettung der Permanentmagnete gegenüber einer ungestaffelten Maschine verringert. Daher muss in einer gestaffelten Maschine mehr Magnetmaterial eingesetzt werden als in einer ungestaffelten Maschine, um das gleiche Drehmoment zu erreichen, was sich in den Kosten niederschlägt. Darüber hinaus ist die Staffelung ein vergleichsweise aufwendiger Schritt im Fertigungsprozess, sodass sich die Produktionszeit je Maschine erhöht und letztendlich die Kosten steigen. In diesem Artikel wird der Einfluss einer Rotorpolweitenmodulation auf das Betriebsverhalten für V-förmig vergrabene Magnettopologien untersucht. Es wird bewertet, ob mithilfe dieser zusätzlichen Modifikation der Maschinengeometrie ein Antrieb ohne Staffelung ausgeführt werden kann, der die Vorgaben des Lastenhefts in Bezug auf die Drehmomentwelligkeit sowie auf das maximale Drehmoment einhält und gleichzeitig die Geräuschemissionen begrenzt. Zur vorteilhaften Gestaltung einer Rotorpolweitenmodulation wird eine Kombination der Magnetöffnungswinkel mittels eines analytischen Netzwerks identifiziert, die die für die Anregung von Pendelmomenten und Geräuschen kritischen Feldwellen des Rotors reduzieren kann. Anschließend werden die analytischen Ergebnisse mit FEM-Berechnungen validiert. Der Einfluss der Rotorpolweitenmodulation auf das Drehmomentverhalten sowie die Geräuschanregung wird mit der gestaffelten Referenzmaschine verglichen
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