Bolschewismus und Nationalsozialismus: Ideologie, Herrschaftsstrukturen und Terrorsysteme der totalitären Antipoden

Basierend auf den Voraussetzungen und dem terminologischen Instrumentarium der Totalitarismustheorie legt der Verfasser eine systematische, vergleichende Analyse der Grundstruktur des Sowjetkommunismus und des Nationalsozialismus vor. Er fragt nach den Entstehungsbedingungen beider totalitären Systeme und nimmt dann einen systematischen Strukturvergleich vor, der die Herrschaftsapparate in den Mittelpunkt stellt. Abschließend werden die Terrorsysteme beider Diktaturen detailliert verglichen, deren ideologischer Krieg gegeneinander eine Radikalisierung des nationalsozialistischen Terrors bewirkte. Der Verfasser wertet das 20. Jahrhundert als das Zeitalter des Totalitarismus. (ICEÜbers)'Orientated at the premises and the terminological tools of totalitarianism theory, the essay develops a systematic, comparative analysis of basic structural features of Soviet Communism and National Socialism. After having reflected on the conditions of its development, by a second step there is attempting a systematic structural comparison of the two totalitarian systems which focuses on their apparatuses of rule. Finally by a third part, the systems of terror of the two dicatorships are compared to each other in very much detail and it is shown which role the ideologic war of the two dictatorships against each other played most of all for the radicalization of National Socialist terror. The concluding remarks interprete the 20th century as the age of totalitarianism.' (author's abstract

Enhancing the Geometrical Performance Using Initially Conical Cylinder Liner in Internal Combustion Engines - A Numerical Study

Reducing friction is an important aspect to increase the efficiency of internal combustion engines (ICE). The majority of frictional losses in engines are related to both the piston skirt and piston ring–cylinder liner (PRCL) arrangement. We studied the enhancement of the conformation of the PRCL arrangement based on the assumption that a suitable conical liner in its cold state may deform into a liner with nearly straight parallel walls in the fired state due to the impact of mechanical and thermal stresses. Combining the initially conical shape with a noncircular cross section will bring the liner even closer to the perfect cylindrical shape in the fired state. Hence, a significant friction reduction can be expected. For the investigation, the numerical method was first developed to simulate the liner deformation with advanced finite element methods. This was validated with given experimental data of the deformation for a gasoline engine in its fired state. In the next step, initially conically and/or elliptically shaped liners were investigated for their deformation between the cold and fired state. It was found that, for liners being both conical and elliptical in their cold state, a significant increase of straightness, parallelism, and roundness was reached in the fired state. The combined elliptical-conical liner led to a reduced straightness error by more than 50% compared to the cylindrical liner. The parallelism error was reduced by 60% to 70% and the roundness error was reduced between 70% and 80% at different liner positions. These numerical results show interesting potential for the friction reduction in the piston-liner arrangement within internal combustion engines