Thin Silicon Microdosimeter utilizing 3D MEMS Fabrication Technology: Charge Collection Study and its application in mixed radiation fields

New 10-μm-thick silicon microdosimeters utilizing 3-D technology have been developed and investigated in this paper. The TCAD simulations were carried out to understand the electrical properties of the microdosimeters\u27 design. A charge collection study of the devices was performed using 5.5-MeV He2+ ions which were raster scanned over the surface of the detectors and the charge collection median energy maps were obtained and the detection yield was also evaluated. The devices were tested in a 290 MeV/u carbon ion beam at the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) in Japan. Based on the microdosimetric measurements, the quality factor and dose equivalent out of field were obtained in a mixed radiation field mimicking the radiation environment for spacecraft in deep space

Microdosimetric applications in proton and heavy ion therapy using silicon microdosimeters

Using the CMRP ‘bridge\u27 μ+ probe, microdosimetric measurements were undertaken out-of-field using a therapeutic scanning proton pencil beam and in-field using a 12C ion therapy field. These measurements were undertaken at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA and at HIMAC, Chiba, Japan, respectively. For a typical proton field used in the treatment of deep-seated tumors, we observed dose-equivalent values ranging from 0.62 to 0.99 mSv/Gy at locations downstream of the distal edge. Lateral measurements at depths close to the entrance and along the SOBP plateau were found to reach maximum values of 3.1 mSv/Gy and 5.3 mSv/Gy at 10 mm from the field edge, respectively, and decreased to ~0.04 mSv/Gy 120 mm from the field edge. The ability to measure the dose-equivalent with high spatial resolution is particularly relevant to healthy tissue dose calculations in hadron therapy treatments. We have also shown qualitatively and quantitively the effects critical organ motion would have in treatment using microdosimetric spectra. Large differences in spectra and RBE10 were observed for treatments where miscalculations of 12C ion range would result in critical structures being irradiated, showing the importance of motion management

New silicon microdosimetry probes for RBE and biological dose studies using stationary and movable targets in \u3csup\u3e12\u3c/sup\u3eC ion therapy

Due to the high LET and dense ionisation tracks associated with ions, microdosimetric approaches have been used in carbon ion therapy to assess field quality and calculate radiobiological quantities for a variety of cell lines. There is however a lack of instrumentation for simple and routine use in a clinical environment, important for determination of RBE which provides accurate treatment planning and delivery in hadron therapy. In this study, a 10 μm thick silicon microdosimeter with 3D sensitive volumes has been used to investigate the effect of motion on the RBE and field quality of a typical 12C ion therapy beam. For a passively scattered 290 MeV/u 12C beam with 6 cm spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP), variations in biological dose along the SOBP were observed, as well as a significant changes to particle LET when incident on a moving target

In-field and out-of-file application in 12C ion therapy using fully 3D silicon microdosimeters

This paper presents recent development of Silicon on Insulator (SOI) detectors for microdosimetry at the Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP) at the University of Wollongong. A new CMRP SOI microdosimeter design, the 3D mushroom microdosimeter is presented. Modification of SOI design and changes to the fabrication processes have led to improved definition of the microscopic sensitive volumes (SV), and thus to better modelling of the deposition of ionizing energy in a biological cell. The electrical and charge collection properties of the devices have been presented in previous works. In this study, the response of the microdosimeters in monoenergetic and spread out Bragg peak therapeutic 12C ion beam at Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC, Japan) are presented. Derived relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in 12C ion radiation therapy matches the tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) well, along with outstanding spatial resolution. The use of SOI technology in experimental microdosimetry offers simplicity (no gas system or HV supply), high spatial resolution, low cost, high count rates capabilities for beam characterisation and quality assurance (QA) in charged particle therapy.acceptedVersio

Validation of Geant4 for silicon microdosimetry in heavy ion therapy

Microdosimetry is a particularly powerful method to estimate the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of any mixed radiation field. This is particularly convenient for therapeutic heavy ion therapy (HIT) beams, referring to ions larger than protons, where the RBE of the beam can vary significantly along the Bragg curve. Additionally, due to the sharp dose gradients at the end of the Bragg peak (BP), or spread out BP, to make accurate measurements and estimations of the biological properties of a beam a high spatial resolution is required, less than a millimetre. This requirement makes silicon microdosimetry particularly attractive due to the thicknesses of the sensitive volumes commonly being ∼10 µm or less. Monte Carlo (MC) codes are widely used to study the complex mixed HIT radiation field as well as to model the response of novel microdosimeter detectors when irradiated with HIT beams. Therefore it is essential to validate MC codes against experimental measurements. This work compares measurements performed with a silicon microdosimeter in monoenergetic 12C , 14N and 16O ion beams of therapeutic energies, against simulation results calculated with the Geant4 toolkit. Experimental and simulation results were compared in terms of microdosimetric spectra (dose lineal energy, d(y)), the dose mean lineal energy, yD and the RBE10, as estimated by the microdosimetric kinetic model (MKM). Overall Geant4 showed reasonable agreement with experimental measurements. Before the distal edge of the BP, simulation and experiment agreed within ∼10% for yD and ∼2% for RBE10. Downstream of the BP less agreement was observed between simulation and experiment, particularly for the 12C and 16O beams. Simulation results downstream of the BP had lower values of yD and RBE10 compared to the experiment due to a higher contribution from lighter fragments compared to heavier fragments.acceptedVersio

In-field and out-of-file application in\u3csup\u3e12\u3c/sup\u3eC ion therapy using fully 3D silicon microdosimeters

This paper presents recent development of Silicon on Insulator (SOI) detectors for microdosimetry at the Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP) at the University of Wollongong. A new CMRP SOI microdosimeter design, the 3D mushroom microdosimeter is presented. Modification of SOI design and changes to the fabrication processes have led to improved definition of the microscopic sensitive volumes (SV), and thus to better modelling of the deposition of ionizing energy in a biological cell. The electrical and charge collection properties of the devices have been presented in previous works. In this study, the response of the microdosimeters in monoenergetic and spread out Bragg peak therapeutic 12C ion beam at Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC, Japan) are presented. Derived relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in 12C ion radiation therapy matches the tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) well, along with outstanding spatial resolution. The use of SOI technology in experimental microdosimetry offers simplicity (no gas system or HV supply), high spatial resolution, low cost, high count rates capabilities for beam characterisation and quality assurance (QA) in charged particle therapy

Validation of Geant4 for silicon microdosimetry in heavy ion therapy

Microdosimetry is a particularly powerful method to estimate the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of any mixed radiation field. This is particularly convenient for therapeutic heavy ion therapy (HIT) beams, referring to ions larger than protons, where the RBE of the beam can vary significantly along the Bragg curve. Additionally, due to the sharp dose gradients at the end of the Bragg peak (BP), or spread out BP, to make accurate measurements and estimations of the biological properties of a beam a high spatial resolution is required, less than a millimetre. This requirement makes silicon microdosimetry particularly attractive due to the thicknesses of the sensitive volumes commonly being  ∼10 [Formula: see text]m or less. Monte Carlo (MC) codes are widely used to study the complex mixed HIT radiation field as well as to model the response of novel microdosimeter detectors when irradiated with HIT beams. Therefore it is essential to validate MC codes against experimental measurements. This work compares measurements performed with a silicon microdosimeter in mono-energetic [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] ion beams of therapeutic energies, against simulation results calculated with the Geant4 toolkit. Experimental and simulation results were compared in terms of microdosimetric spectra (dose lineal energy, [Formula: see text]), the dose mean lineal energy, y  D and the RBE10, as estimated by the microdosimetric kinetic model (MKM). Overall Geant4 showed reasonable agreement with experimental measurements. Before the distal edge of the BP, simulation and experiment agreed within  ∼10% for y  D and  ∼2% for RBE10. Downstream of the BP less agreement was observed between simulation and experiment, particularly for the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] beams. Simulation results downstream of the BP had lower values of y  D and RBE10 compared to the experiment due to a higher contribution from lighter fragments compared to heavier fragments

SOI Thin Microdosimeter Detectors for Low Energy Ions and Radiation Damage Studies

The responses of two silicon on insulator (SOI) 3-D microdosimeters developed by the Centre for Medical Radiation Physics were investigated with a range of different low energy ions, with high linear energy transfer (LET). The two microdosimeters n-SOI and p-SOI were able to measure the LET of different ions including 7 Li, 12 C, 16 O, and 48 Ti with ranges below 350 μm in silicon. No plasma effects were seen in the SOI microdosimeters when irradiated with the high LET ions. A Monte Carlo simulation using Geant4 was compared to the experimental measurements, whereby some discrepancies were observed for heavier ions at lower energies. This discrepancy can be partly attributed to uncertainties in the thickness of the energy degraders and overlayers of the devices. The microdosimetric measurements of low energy 16 O ions were obtained and compared to a therapeutic 16 O ion beam. The radiation hardness of the two devices was studied using the ion beam induced charge collection technique. Both types of the microdosimeters when biased had no essential changes in charge collection efficiency in the sensitive volume after irradiation with low energy ions

Characterization of proton pencil beam scanning and passive beam using a high spatial resolution solid-state microdosimeter

This work aims to characterize a proton pencil beam scanning (PBS) and passive double scattering (DS) systems as well as to measure parameters relevant to the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of the beam using a silicon on insulator (SOI) microdosimeter with well-defined 3D sensitive volumes (SV). The dose equivalent downstream and laterally outside of a clinical PBS treatment field was assessed and compared to that of a DS beam

RBE study using solid state microdosimetry in heavy ion therapy

The response of two types of 10 mm thick silicon-on-insulator (SOI) detectors in a 12C ion therapy beam with extremely high spatial resolution are presented in this work. The two detectors used are the “bridge” microdosimeter with isolated 3D sensitive volumes (SVs) and the ultra-thin 3D (U3DTHIN) detector with nþ and pþ 3D columnar structures. Both detectors were investigated at various depths in a water phantom along the central axis of the spread-out Brag peak (SOBP) of a 290 MeV/u 12C ion beam at the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba, Japan. Based on the Microdosimetric Kinetic (MK) model and the microdosimetric quantities measured with the two detectors, the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) values were derived and compared to results obtained with the tissue-equivalent proportional counter (TEPC). Derived RBE10 values obtained with the U3DTHIN detector were considerably higherthan those obtained with the bridge microdosimeter and the TEPC along the SOBP. Due to the high spatial resolution of the microdosimeters, more detailed measurements were obtained at the end of the SOBP compared to the TEPC. The maximum derived RBE10 found using the U3DTHIN detector and bridgemicrodosimeter were approximately 2.66 and 2.58, respectively which are higher than the RBE10 value of 2.35 obtained with the TEPC due to the lack of high spatial resolution in the TEPC. The discrepancy in the results obtained using the two detectors is due to the difference in geometry of the SVs in the two detectors. This work presents an application of different types of SOI micodosimeters in a 12C ion therapy beam and has demonstrated that the microdosimeter with micron sized 3D SVs is more desirable for accurate lineal energy measurement and RBE determination. Silicon microdosimetry has demonstrated a simple, fast and accurate method for routine Quality Assurance in charged particle therapy