Cyrus Młodszy, Tissafernes i miasta jońskie, 403–402 r. przed Chr.

(Cyrus the Younger, Tissaphernes and the Ionian cities, 403–402 BC): The events of the years 403–402 BC of Achaemenid Asia Minor are relatively poor illuminated by our sources. This article focuses on the events taking place mainly in the western part of the peninsula, analyzing the ongoing relations between Cyrus the Younger, Tissaphernes and the Ionian cities

Hyperglycemia exacerbates and insulin fails to protect in acute renal ischemia in the rat

Hyperglycemia worsens ischemic injury in several ischemic models. To determine whether renal lactate accumulation was associated with hyperglycemia-exacerbated postischemic renal dysfunction and mortality, halothane-anesthetized rats underwent right nephrectomy and 45 min of left renal artery and vein occlusion. Prior to ischemia, rats received saline (n = 22), glucose (2 g/kg, n = 22), or insulin (4 U/kg, n = 18). Sham-operated glucose-treated rats (2 g/kg, n = 4) underwent right nephrectomy and no vascular occlusion. As anticipated, glucose pretreatment elevated plasma glucose, while insulin pretreatment lowered plasma glucose; both were significantly different from values in saline controls. Creatinine was unchanged in sham-operated rats but was significantly higher in glucose-treated rats at 24 and 48 hr postischemia compared to saline controls. No statistical differences in creatinine were found when comparing saline controls to insulin-treated rats. Eighteen percent of glucose-treated rats survived to 72 hr postocclusion, while 45% of insulin-treated rats, 73% of saline control rats, and 100% of sham-operated rats survived this period. In a separate but identical treatment protocol, renal tissue was serially sampled and lactate content was determined in rats pretreated with saline (n = 7), glucose (n = 6) or insulin (n = 6) or sham-operated (n = 2) and receiving identical operation. Tissue lactate concentration did not change during serial sampling in the sham group. During ischemia, lactate was significantly higher in glucose-treated rats and significantly lower in insulin-treated rats as compared to saline controls. The adverse effects of exogenous glucose and attendant hyperglycemia on renal function during normothermic renal ischemia are demonstrated. Increased anaerobic metabolism of glucose with marked lactate accumulation may increase the severity of injury. However, a direct link between tissue lactate and ischemic damage is not fully supported since insulin reduced renal lactate but failed to lessen morbidity and mortality.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/27924/1/0000348.pd

Exploring Pet Loss for Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse: A Hitherto Unchartered Terrain of Trauma Impact and Recovery

Abstract not availabl

Effects of hospitalist‐directed interdisciplinary medicine floor service on hospital outcomes for seniors with acute medical illness

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/102696/1/ggi12056.pd

Early peri-operative hyperglycaemia and renal allograft rejection in patients without diabetes

BACKGROUND: Patients with diabetes have an increased risk for allograft rejection, possibly related to peri-operative hyperglycaemia. Hyperglycaemia is also common following transplantation in patients without diabetes. We hypothesise that exposure of allograft tissue to hyperglycaemia could influence the risk for rejection in any patient with high sugars. To investigate the relationship of peri-operative glucose control to acute rejection in renal transplant patients without diabetes, all patients receiving their first cadaveric graft in a single center were surveyed and patients without diabetes receiving cyclosporin-based immunosuppression were reviewed (n = 230). Records of the plasma blood glucose concentration following surgery and transplant variables pertaining to allograft rejection were obtained. All variables suggestive of association were entered into multivariate logistic regression analysis, their significance analysed and modeled. RESULTS: Hyperglycaemia (>8.0 mmol/L) occurs in over 73% of non-diabetic patients following surgery. Glycaemic control immediately following renal transplantation independently predicted acute rejection (Odds ratio=1.08). 42% of patients with a glucose < 8.0 mmol/L following surgery developed rejection compared to 71% of patients who had a serum glucose above this level. Hyperglycaemia was not associated with any delay of graft function. CONCLUSION: Hyperglycaemia is associated with an increased risk for allograft rejection. This is consistent with similar findings in patients with diabetes. We hypothesise a causal link concordant with epidemiological and in vitro evidence and propose further clinical research

State Stability in Post-Soviet Central Asia

The concept of state failure in the modern world is a comparatively new notion, which did not emerge until former colonial possessions in Africa and Asia, once fledgling states, seemed to be in decline. As governments collapsed and states fractured into civil war, the developed world looked on. Nearly twenty years after the fall of the USSR and the rise of state failure, scholars’ understanding of the causes of state weakness and state failure remains incomplete, and the policy literature’s orientation toward economic causes of weakness is more descriptive of weakness than insightful of its causes. This study seeks to gain greater insight into the causes of state weakness by assessing eight socio-economic, political, and geographic variables in the five post-Soviet Central Asian cases. While many of the results suggest greater insight into the political and geographic causes of state weakness, several strongly indicate a close relationship between state stability and the state’s degree of modernization and colonial experiences

Kilka uwag na temat bitwy pod Kunaksą (401 r. przed Chr.)

The present article deals with the Battle of Cunaxa fought in 401 BC between the forces of the Achaemenid Great King Artaxerxes II (404-359) and his younger brother Cyrus. The battle is chiefly shown from the perspective of Greek soldiers, fighting on Cyrus’ side, and the majority of studies devoted to it is focused on them. The perspective is determined by sources we have, especially Anabasis of Xenophon, our primarily informer. The aim of the present article is to pay attention to the King’s forces in the Battle of Cunaxa, and to focus on some aspects of this engagement that have not been addressed or satisfactorily analyzed in the studies to date. Particular attention is given to the composition and armament of the King’s army. The results will allow us to see a fuller picture of the Battle of Cunaxa and comprehend it better.Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy bitwy pod Kunaksą stoczonej w 401 r. przed Chr., w której starły się wojska achemenidzkiego Wielkiego Króla Artakserksesa II (404-359) i jego młodszego brata Cyrusa. Bitwa ta jest przeważnie ukazywana z perspektywy żołnierzy greckich, walczących po stronie Cyrusa, i to na nich skupia się większość prac poświęconych temu starciu. Spojrzenie na tę konfrontację jest zdeterminowane przez źródła którymi dysponujemy, w szczególności Anabasis Ksenofonta, naszego głównego informatora. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest skupienie się na wojskach królewskich uczestniczących w bitwie pod Kunaksą, i analiza kilku jej aspektów, które w dotychczasowych pracach nie zostały podjęte lub w zadowalający sposób przebadane. Szczególna uwaga zwrócona jest na skład i uzbrojenie królewskiej armii. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwoli spojrzeć na bitwę pod Kunaksą w pełniejszym świetle i na lepsze jej zrozumienie