Estudi epidemiològic de la depressió major en infants de 3-6 anys

Consultable des del TDXTítol obtingut de la portada digitalitzadaNo sabem gaire de les característiques de la depressió major entre els 3 i 6 anys de vida. Actualment s'utilitzen els mateixos criteris diagnòstics que en els adults així com es recull la mateixa simptomatologia. Els escassos estudis actuals, apunten a la necessitat de crear uns criteris específics que incloguin i donin major rellevància a uns determinats símptomes més propis pels infants d'entre 3 a 6 anys. Quan el que volem és saber la prevalença de depressió major a en aquestes edats, trobem valors al voltant del 0,9 % en població general, tot i que en el nostre país no hi havia cap dada. OBJECTIUS: Aquesta investigació, té per objectiu estudiar la prevalença de la depressió major entre els 3 i 6 anys, així com les seves característiques. SUBJECTES: Es parteix d'una mostra escolar de 460 infants que cursen P3, P4 i P5 a Olot. S'han confeccionat dos grups a partir de la puntuació en l'instrument ESDM 3-6 omplert per la mestra, amb un total de 132 nens. PROCEDIMENT L'estudi s'ha realitzat en tres fases. En la primera, a partir d'una puntuació igual o superior a 27 en l'ESDM, s'obté un grup amb alta simptomatologia depressiva (N= 72) així com es forma un grup control (N=60). Aquest grup control s'ha seleccionat en funció del nombre de casos amb simptomatologia alta, el sexe, curs escolar i aula. S'han passat instruments als pares i al mateix nen. Finalment s'ha realitzat una entrevista clínica de comú acord entre dos clínics, per tal de determinar el diagnòstic. RESULTATS: Un 0,87% de la mostra presenta depressió major en base a criteris DSM-IV (APA; 1995). No s'observen diferències en funció del sexe, classe socioeconòmica, escola ni curs, mentre és rellevant l'alta simptomatologia depressiva de la mare. Com a símptomes els nens amb depressió, solen presentar els mateixos símptomes recollits en el DSM-IV excepte alteracions en l'alimentació, son i sentiments d'inutilitat i culpa. Per altre banda, es troben símptomes que es presenten de forma significativa en els infants amb depressió major que no estan recollits en el DSM-IV, com són la dificultat en el control d'esfinters, la inhibició conductual i les somatitzacions, el que ens planteja la necessitat de tenir uns criteris adaptats per aquesta edat. DISCUSSIÓ: L'índex de depressió major trobat en aquesta mostra es troba dins la linea de la resta d'estudis. Aquest valor és inferior al trobat en edats superiors. Aquest estudi ha permès observar i destacar, a l'igual que Luby et al (2002), que el nen preescolar pot presentar anhedonia com l'adult, així com una simptomatologia propia per aquesta etapa evolutiva. Seria interessant i necessari revisar els criteris diagnòstics de depressió major així com estudiar el pes d'alguns d'aquests símptomes com la inhibició conductual o la dificultat en el control d'esfinters (símptomes rellevants en el nostre estudi). Com a variables relacionades, s'ha destacat l'alta simptomatologia depressiva en les mares dels nens amb simptomatologia depressiva alta i en els casos amb depressió major clínica, així com la vivència d'un esdeveniment estressant. No obstant, ni el sexe, edat, situació sociofamiliar, ni tipus d'escola han presentant diferències significatives entre els grups. CONCLUSIÓ: Trobem un 15,8% d'infants de 3 a 6 anys, amb simptomatologia depressiva alta. L'índex de prevalença de depressió major clínica, és del 0,87% seguint els criteris DSM-IV. Hi ha variables familiars com la depressió materna i viure un esdeveniment estressant que es relacionen amb la presència de depressió major en el nen.We don't know much about the features of major depression in 3 to 6 year-olds. Nowadays,the same diagnostical criteria than in adults are used and so are the same symptoms collected. The lack of present studies is due to the need of creating specific criteria which include and give more relevance to certain symptoms associated to 3 and 6 year-olds.When we want to know about the prevalence of major depression at this age, we find rates around 0,9% in average population, although there are no data in our country.OBJECTIVES, AIMS. The aim of this research is to study the prevalence of major depression in 3 and 6 year-olds and set its characteristics.SUBJECTS. The sample has been taken from 460 infants of a nursery school ( P3,P4 i P5) in Olot. Two groups have been made out of the score obtained from an instrument ESDM3-6 filled by the teacher , with a total of 132 children. PROCEDURE. There have been three phases. In the first one, from a score equal or superior to 27 in ESDM, a group with high depressive symptoms(N=72) , as well as a control group (N=60).This control group has been selected according to the number of cases with high symptoms, sex, school year and classroom.Instruments have been filled by both parents and children. Finally, a clinical interview within 2 doctors has been agreed so as to determine the diagnosis. RESULTS. O,87% of the sample presents major depression based on DSM-IV criteria( APA,1995). We do not observe differences according to sex, socio-economical class, school or school year but high depression in the mother is relevant. The symptoms of children with depression are the same as the ones collected in DSM-IV , except food and sleep irregularities, feeling of uselessness and guilt.On the other hand, we find symptoms in children with major which are not collected in DSM-IV , such as the difficulty in controlling sphincters , behavioural inhibition and characterisations.All this raises the need of having criteria adapted to this age. DISCUSSION. Major depression rates found in this sample are in the lines of other research. This value is inferior to the one found in older children. This research has allowed to observe and highlight, like Luby&al.(2002), that children at nursery-school age can present anhedonia when becoming an adult , as well as symptoms of this evolutive age.It would be interesting and necessary to revise diagnostical criteria of major depression and study the importance of some of these symptoms such as conductual inhibition or the difficulty of controlling sphincters ( relevant symptoms in our research). As related features , we have to highlight high depressive symptoms in mothers of children with high depressive symptoms and in cases of major clinical depression, as well as going through a stressful experience . Nevertheless, sex ,age, socio-familiar situation or kind of school have not presented significant differences among groups. CONCLUSION. 15,8% of 3 to 6 year-olds have presented high depressive symptoms. The rate of prevalence of major clinical depression is 0,87% following DSM-IV criteria. Family features like mother's depression and going through a stressful experience have been related to major depression in children

Potencialidad de un residuo de frita procedente del sector cerámico como materia prima para la producción de material vitrocerámico

This work consists of studying the devitrification capacity of a residue from sodium-calcium frit, using the vitreous powder sintering method, which follows the traditional ceramic processing route, including a specific heat treatment to generate the appearance of crystals from the original glass phase. Initially the frit residue has been characterized by instrumental techniques such as XRF, XRD and DTA/TG. Furthermore, the chemical analysis (XRF) has allowed the prediction of devitrification potentiality of this residue by theoretical approaches represented by Gingsberg, Raschin-Tschetverikov and Lebedeva ternary diagrams. Then, this residue was subjected to traditional ceramic method, by changing the grinding time, the pressing pressure and prepared samples were obtained at different temperatures. In this part, the techniques for measuring particle size by laser diffraction and XRD and SEM to evaluate the generated crystalline phases, were applied. Finally, it has been found that this frit residue works as glass-ceramic precursor, devitrifying in wollastonite crystals as majority phase and without being subjected to the melting step of the glass-ceramic typical method.Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad Español a través del Proyecto titulado «Desarrollo de nuevos revestimientos fotovoltaicos ecológicos utilizando materiales reciclados para integración arquitectónica, basados en tecnologías de calcogenuros» (ECOART), cuyo número de expediente es RTC-2014-2294-3

Gender Equality Programs in the accommodation sector: a critical review in Catalonia

The presence of invisible male standards in the organizations determines their culture and their functional and operational policies. Therefore, the current agendas are determined by the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (UN, 2015). SGD number 5 refers to gender equality. Therefore, one of the main challenges facing the contemporary society is to achieve the gender equality in the organizational structures. Considering this defiance and this need, the objective of this paper is to analyze the gender equality programs implemented by hotel chains located in Catalonia, since they are mandatory for companies with more than 50 employees. A qualitative research is carried out around the six central axes defined in the Strategic Gender Equality Police Plan 2019-2022 of the Regional Government of Catalunya, to analyze the points that these hotel chains consider in their gender equality programs and which aspects are not taken into consideration. Finally, it is concluded with some recommendations to human resource policies with a gender focus, to better achieve positive results in productivity and in improving the quality of services of these hotel chains

Competing risks to breast cancer mortality in Catalonia

Background: Breast cancer mortality has experienced important changes over the last century. Breast cancer occurs in the presence of other competing risks which can influence breast cancer incidence and mortality trends. The aim of the present work is: 1) to assess the impact of breast cancer deaths among mortality from all causes in Catalonia (Spain), by age and birth cohort and 2) to estimate the risk of death from other causes than breast cancer, one of the inputs needed to model breast cancer mortality reduction due to screening or therapeutic interventions. Methods: The multi-decrement life table methodology was used. First, all-cause mortality probabilities were obtained by age and cohort. Then mortality probability for breast cancer was subtracted from the all-cause mortality probabilities to obtain cohort life tables for causes other than breast cancer. These life tables, on one hand, provide an estimate of the risk of dying from competing risks, and on the other hand, permit to assess the impact of breast cancer deaths on all-cause mortality using the ratio of the probability of death for causes other than breast cancer by the all-cause probability of death. Results: There was an increasing impact of breast cancer on mortality in the first part of the 20(th) century, with a peak for cohorts born in 1945-54 in the 40-49 age groups (for which approximately 24% of mortality was due to breast cancer). Even though for cohorts born after 1955 there was only information for women under 50, it is also important to note that the impact of breast cancer on all-cause mortality decreased for those cohorts. Conclusion: We have quantified the effect of removing breast cancer mortality in different age groups and birth cohorts. Our results are consistent with US findings. We also have obtained an estimate of the risk of dying from competing-causes mortality, which will be used in the assessment of the effect of mammography screening on breast cancer mortality in Catalonia

Los programas de igualdad de género en el sector hotelero: revisión crítica de la situación en Cataluña

The presence of invisible male standards in the organizations determines their culture and their functional and operational policies. Therefore, the current agendas of these organizations are determined by the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (UN, 2015). SGD number 5 refers to gender equality. Therefore, one of the main challenges facing the contemporary society is to achieve the gender equality in the organizational structures. Considering this defiance and this need, the objective of this paper is to analyze the gender equality programs implemented by hotel chains located in Catalonia, since they are mandatory for companies with more than 50 employees (...

The Ceramic Industry in Spain: Challenges and Opportunities in Times of Crisis

In the last few years, the Spanish ceramic industry has gone through a severe crisis, which has led to great market loss and reduction in profi ts. Nevertheless, the ceramic industries in Spain have always characterised themselves as an innovative sector, highly predisposed to changes. It is precisely in times of crisis that the industries most seek to break new ground in their quest for new innovations that will give them an edge over competitors. This study provides an overview of the advances that have recently materialised in the ceramic tile industry. Various technological issues are thus highlighted, such as tile decoration by inkjet printing, laser technology, physical vapour deposition (PVD) technology, fi ring using laser technology (laser­fi ring project), etc. These techniques are being used to develop innovative products, thus obtaining tiles with bactericidal capability, conductive glazes, anti­electrostatic tiles, etc

Competing risks to breast cancer mortality in Catalonia

Background: Breast cancer mortality has experienced important changes over the last century. Breast cancer occurs in the presence of other competing risks which can influence breast cancer incidence and mortality trends. The aim of the present work is: 1) to assess the impact of breast cancer deaths among mortality from all causes in Catalonia (Spain), by age and birth cohort and 2) to estimate the risk of death from other causes than breast cancer, one of the inputs needed to model breast cancer mortality reduction due to screening or therapeutic interventions. Methods: The multi-decrement life table methodology was used. First, all-cause mortality probabilities were obtained by age and cohort. Then mortality probability for breast cancer was subtracted from the all-cause mortality probabilities to obtain cohort life tables for causes other than breast cancer. These life tables, on one hand, provide an estimate of the risk of dying from competing risks, and on the other hand, permit to assess the impact of breast cancer deaths on all-cause mortality using the ratio of the probability of death for causes other than breast cancer by the all-cause probability of death. Results: There was an increasing impact of breast cancer on mortality in the first part of the 20th century, with a peak for cohorts born in 1945–54 in the 40–49 age groups (for which approximately 24% of mortality was due to breast cancer). Even though for cohorts born after 1955 there was only information for women under 50, it is also important to note that the impact of breast cancer on all-cause mortality decreased for those cohorts. Conclusion: We have quantified the effect of removing breast cancer mortality in different age groups and birth cohorts. Our results are consistent with US findings. We also have obtained an estimate of the risk of dying from competing-causes mortality, which will be used in the assessment of the effect of mammography screening on breast cancer mortality in Catalonia

Memory improvement in the AβPP/PS1 mouse model of familial Alzheimer's disease induced by carbamylated-erythropoietin is accompanied by modulation of synaptic genes

Neuroprotection of erythropoietin (EPO) following long-term administration is hampered by the associated undesirable effects on hematopoiesis and body weight. For this reason, we tested carbamylated-EPO (CEPO), which has no effect on erythropoiesis, and compared it with EPO in the AβPP/PS1 mouse model of familial Alzheimer's disease. Groups of 5-month-old wild type (WT) and transgenic mice received chronic treatment consisting of CEPO (2,500 or 5,000 UI/kg) or EPO (2,500 UI/kg) 3 days/week for 4 weeks. Memory at the end of treatment was assessed with the object recognition test. Microarray analysis and quantitative-PCR were used for gene expression studies. No alterations in erythropoiesis were observed in CEPO-treated WT and AβPP/PS1 transgenic mice. EPO and CEPO improved memory in AβPP/PS1 animals. However, only EPO decreased amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque burden and soluble Aβ40. Microarray analysis of gene expression revealed a limited number of common genes modulated by EPO and CEPO. CEPO but not EPO significantly increased gene expression of dopamine receptors 1 and 2, and adenosine receptor 2a, and significantly down-regulated adrenergic receptor α1D and gastrin releasing peptide. CEPO treatment resulted in higher protein levels of dopamine receptors 1 and 2 in WT and AβPP/PS1 animals, whereas the adenosine receptor 2a was reduced in WT animals. The present results suggest that the improved behavior observed in AβPP/PS1 transgenic mice after CEPO treatment may be mediated, at least in part, by the observed modulation of the expression of molecules involved in neurotransmission

Evolución de la mortalidad por cáncer de mama y diseminación de la mamografía de cribado en Cataluña: un análisis por regiones sanitarias

Fundamento: El descenso de las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer de mama (CM) se ha atribuido a la implantación de programas de cribado y a avances terapéuticos. El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar la evolución de su mortalidad en las regiones sanitarias de Cataluña en el periodo 1993-2007. Paralelamente, se ha analizado la diseminación de la mamografía periódica en las regiones sanitarias. Métodos: Se analizaron los datos del registro de mortalidad y encuestas de salud. Se utilizaron regresiones de Poisson y «joinpoint» para comparar las tasas de mortalidad por CM y analizar su evolución temporal. Se utilizaron modelos de efectos mixtos para comparar el nivel y la evolución de la mortalidad por regiones. Resultados. La tasa de mortalidad por CM descendió un 3% anual en Cataluña. Entre 1993 y 2007, la tasa estandarizada varió de 34,8 a 23,3 por 100.000 mujeres. Barcelona ciutat presentó unas tasas de mortalidad más elevadas que las regiones Centre (ratio de tasas (RT)=0,87), Costa de Ponent (RT=0,89), Tarragona (RT=0,9) y Lleida (RT=0,915), pero estas diferencias tendieron a desaparecer. No se observaron cambios de tendencia en la evolución de la mortalidad de las regiones, excepto en la región Centre. Durante los años 1990 Barcelona ciutat presentó unos porcentajes de utilización de mamografía periódica del 36,1% de las mujeres de 40-74 años, en la encuesta de 1994, la región Centre (23,7%) y Costa de Ponent (25,2%). Conclusiones: La progresiva utilización de mamografía periódica y la disminución de la mortalidad por CM fueron similares en las regiones sanitarias de Cataluña.Background: The decrease of breast cancer (BC) mortality rates has been attributed to early detection programs and therapeutic advances. The objective is to compare BC mortality trend in health regions of Catalonia during the period 1993-2007. In parallel, dissemination of periodic mammography in the health regions has been analyzed. Methods: Mortality and health surveys data were used. Poisson and «joinpoint» regression analyses were used to compare regional BC mortality rates and quantify their temporal evolution. Mixed effects models were used to compare the rates and their evolution by region. Results: The BC mortality rate decreased 3% annually in Cataluña. Between 1993 and 2007, the standard mortality rate changed from 34.8 to 23.3 per 100,000 women. Barcelona ciutat showed higher mortality rates than the Centre (rate ratio (RR)=0.873), Costa de Ponent (RR=0.885), Tarragona (RR=0.9) and Lleida regions (RR=0.915), but these differences tend to disappear over time. There were no observed trend changes in the evolution of the regional mortality rates, except in the Centre region. The use of periodic mammography was similar across health regions. During the 90s, Barcelona ciutat had a 36.1% utilization of periodic mammography in women aged 40-74, in the 1994 survey, the Centre 23.7 and Costa de Ponent 25.2%. Conclusions: The progressive increase in the use of periodic mammography and the decrease of BC mortality were similar in the eight health regions of Catalonia