Das factum "konzil" in rechshistorischer sicht

El Concilio ecumenzco se considera la expresión del Episcopado universal. Por otra parte, si se pregunta a qué responde la existencia de este órgano del gobierno central, la respuesta salta a la vista: a la colegialidad episcopal. Cabe, sin embargo, esta pregunta: ¿puede el Concilio ecuménico asentarse también -nunca sólo- sobre el principio de participación? En otras palabras: ¿puede abrirse el Concilio ecuménico no sólo a los obispos (línea de jerarquía) sino también a representantes del pueblo cristiano · como tal? El Prof. P[¡jchl analiza algunos hechos históricos que pueden servir para responderla

Installation of a Feed-and-Turn Dryer: An Option to improve Heat Utilization and Economy of an existing Biogas Plant

Feed-and-turn dryers may be installed in order to use excess heat from biogas CHPs especially in agricultural enterprises with otherwise low heat utilization. These dryers can be used for drying a manifold of agricultural produce. In this case draff, maize silage and saw dust were investigated. The focus was on drying effectiveness, economic benefits and probable changes in chemical composition of the materials investigated. Results demonstrate that the installation of the feed-and-turn dryer is a substantial improvement of the biogas plant. In the case investigated it significantly improves the energy efficiency by increasing heat utilization from 6,669 GJ·a-1 in 2007 to more than 27,542 GJ·a-1 in 2009. It provides, in addition, the agricultural enterprise with valuable equipment for producing high quality and high valuable feed and other products.  Finally, on-farm drying generates an additional income compared to purchasing equivalent products or to external drying

Evaluation Report of the Austrian Climate Citizens' Assembly: Assessment of input, process, and output

We carried out a mixed-method design to investigate the Austrian Climate Citizens' Assembly (CCA) input, process and output dimensions following the OECD's Evaluation Guidelines for Representative Deliberative Processes (2021). The following methods were used to deliver the empirical findings of this report: Document analysis and desk research, participant observation, semi-structured qualitative interviews, and media coverage review. The main findings are structured along the input, process and output dimension

Results of batch anaerobic digestion test – effect of enzyme addition

The hydrolysis of lignocellulose is assumed to be the rate-limiting step in the anaerobic fermentation process. A fungal hydrolytic enzyme mixture was used to assess the enzymatic impact on different feedstocks for biogas production. The optimal conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of rye grain silage, maize silage, grass silage, feed residues and solid cattle manure were determined in lab-scale experiments. Finally, the effects of enhanced hydrolysis on anaerobic digestion were investigated in batch digestion tests. Enzyme treatment of substrate showed Michaelis-Menten-like behavior and reached maximum values after 3 hours for reduced sugars as a product of hydrolysis. Methane production potential was determined for specific feedstock mixtures without enzyme, with inactivated enzyme and with active enzyme (with and without buffer). The results obtained show a clear increase in methane production after enzyme application for solid cattle manure (165 LN CH4∙kgODM-1  to 340 LN CH4∙kgODM-1 ), grass silage (307 LN CH4∙kgODM-1 to 388 LN CH4∙kgODM-1; enzyme plus buffer), feed residue (303 LN CH4∙kgODM-1 to 467 LN CH4∙kgODM-1), maize silage (370 LN CH4∙kgODM-1 to 480 LN CH4∙kgODM- 1)and a lower increase for rye grain silage (355 LN CH4∙kgODM-1 to 413 LN CH4∙kgODM-1). The ratios of heating values from methane yields to heating values from the dry materials ranged between 0.3 and 0.7 for the untreated feedstock and increased to levels between 0.6 and 0.9 after the different forms of enzyme application

Water footprint analysis for the assessment of milk production in Brandenburg (Germany)

The working group "Adaptation to Climate Change" at the Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim (ATB) is introduced. This group calculates the water footprint for agricultural processes and farms, distinguished into green water footprint, blue water footprint, and dilution water footprint. The green and blue water demand of a dairy farm plays a pivotal role in the regional water balance. Considering already existing and forthcoming climate change effects there is a need to determine the water cycle in the field and in housing for process chain optimisation for the adaptation to an expected increasing water scarcity. Resulting investments to boost water productivity and to improve water use efficiency in milk production are two pathways to adapt to climate change effects. In this paper the calculation of blue water demand for dairy farming in Brandenburg (Germany) is presented. The water used for feeding, milk processing, and servicing of cows over the time period of ten years was assessed in our study. The preliminary results of the calculation of the direct blue water footprint shows a decreasing water demand in the dairy production from the year 1999 with 5.98×109 L/yr to a water demand of 5.00×109 L/yr in the year 2008 in Brandenburg because of decreasing animal numbers and an improved average milk yield per cow. Improved feeding practices and shifted breeding to greater-volume producing Holstein-Friesian cow allow the production of milk in a more water sustainable way. The mean blue water consumption for the production of 1 kg milk in the time period between 1999 to 2008 was 3.94±0.29 L. The main part of the consumed water seems to stem from indirect used green water for the production of feed for the cows

Energy balance, greenhouse gas emissions, and profitability of thermobarical pretreatment of cattle waste in anaerobic digestion

In this study modeled full scale application of thermobarical hydrolysis of less degradable feedstock for biomethanation was assessed in terms of energy balance, greenhouse gas emissions, and economy. Data were provided whether the substitution of maize silage as feedstock for biogas production by pretreated cattle wastes is beneficial in full-scale application or not. A model device for thermobarical treatment has been suggested for and theoretically integrated in a biogas plant. The assessment considered the replacement of maize silage as feedstock with liquid and/or solid cattle waste (feces, litter, and feed residues from animal husbandry of high-performance dairy cattle, dry cows, and heifers). The integration of thermobarical pretreatment is beneficial for raw material with high contents of organic dry matter and ligno-cellulose: Solid cattle waste revealed very short payback times, e.g. 9 months for energy, 3 months for greenhouse gases, and 3 years 3 months for economic amortization, whereas, in contrast, liquid cattle waste did not perform positive replacement effects in this analysis

Energy balance, greenhouse gas emissions, and profitability of thermobarical pretreatment of cattle waste in anaerobic digestion

AbstractIn this study modeled full scale application of thermobarical hydrolysis of less degradable feedstock for biomethanation was assessed in terms of energy balance, greenhouse gas emissions, and economy. Data were provided whether the substitution of maize silage as feedstock for biogas production by pretreated cattle wastes is beneficial in full-scale application or not.A model device for thermobarical treatment has been suggested for and theoretically integrated in a biogas plant. The assessment considered the replacement of maize silage as feedstock with liquid and/or solid cattle waste (feces, litter, and feed residues from animal husbandry of high-performance dairy cattle, dry cows, and heifers). The integration of thermobarical pretreatment is beneficial for raw material with high contents of organic dry matter and ligno-cellulose: Solid cattle waste revealed very short payback times, e.g. 9months for energy, 3months for greenhouse gases, and 3years 3months for economic amortization, whereas, in contrast, liquid cattle waste did not perform positive replacement effects in this analysis

Der erste österreichweite Klimarat der Bürger:innen: partizipative Deliberation gescheitert oder gelungen?

Im Jahr 2022 fand in Österreich die erste nationale Klimarat statt, der sich aus zufällig ausgewählten Bürger:innen zusammensetzte. Dieser sollte konkrete Vorschläge und Maßnahmen zur Erreichung des Ziels der Klimaneutralität bis 2040 erarbeiten. Damit wurde eine Kernforderungen des Klimavolksbegehrens, nämlich der österreichischen Bevölkerung ein aktives Mitspracherecht in der Klimapolitik einzuräumen, aufgegriffen. In diesem Beitrag werden vier übergreifende Thematiken, die auf Basis der Evaluation des Klimarats erarbeitet wurden, diskutiert: Erstens, ein Überblick zu den treibenden Kräften, zur Ausgestaltung und den Ergebnissen des Klimarats; zweitens, eine Untersuchung der Art und Weise, wie der Klimarat mit der repräsentativen Demokratie interagiert und mit ihr verbunden ist; drittens, die Identifizierung von Lehren für Organisator:innen und Moderator:innen und viertens, soll ein Beitrag zur theoretischen und praktischen Weiterentwicklung partizipativ-deliberativer Entscheidungsfindungen geleistet werden

Grünlandenergie: Praxishinweise für die Entwicklung von Gras und Schilf basierten Nutzungskonzepten zur Energiegewinnung

Eine der großen Herausforderungen, die es in diesem Jahrhundert zu meistern gilt, ist die gezielte Bereitstellung von nachhaltig erzeugter Energie. Die Bundesregierung verfolgt das Ziel, bis zum Jahr 2020 den Anteil erneuerbarer Energieträger an der Wärmeerzeugung auf 14 % und an der Stromerzeugung auf 35 % zu steigern. Dabei soll die Energieerzeugung auf ökonomische, soziale, und ökologische Weise nachhaltig erfolgen. Dieses gilt in besonderem Maße für die Bioenergienutzung. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat das Bundesumweltministerium das Programm über die „Förderung von Forschung und Entwicklung zur klimaeffizienten Optimierung der energetischen Biomassenutzung“ aufgelegt, durch das die Entwicklung innovativer Bioenergiekonzepte unterstützt wird. In diesem Programm wurde das Forschungsprojekt „Grünlandenergie Havelland“ (FKZ: 03KB035) gefördert. Untersucht wurde die Eignung von Gras und anderem Halmgut aus der Landschaftspflege zur Wärme- und Stromerzeugung. Die Stärken der Biomassenutzung zeigen sich in diesem Projekt besonders klar: Die Energieerzeugung ist in einen regionalen Kontext eingebettet. Strom und Wärme können bedarfsgerecht bereitgestellt werden. Durch die Verwertung von Landschaftspflegematerial wird die Nutzungskonkurrenz zur Nahrungsmittelerzeugung vermieden. Mit der Nutzung der hier untersuchten Reststoffe sehe ich eine vielversprechende Möglichkeit unter gegebenen Nachhaltigkeitsanforderungen zu einer alternativen Energieerzeugung beizutragen. Sie basiert auf heimischen, nachwachsenden Ressourcen und erzeugt darüber hinaus Synergien zwischen Klimaschutz- und Naturschutzzielen