Metodologia per la valutazione dell’impatto archeologico

The essay discusses the application of environment evaluation models, with regards to the Archaeological Component, in consideration of the rules in force for the protection and conservation of the archaeological heritage. The protection both of Cultural Heritage and of planning of infrastructures must follow the principles of «sustainable development». In the first part of the essay we acknowledge the value of environmental and archaeological impact studies on the territory. These studies, which must be conducted in a preliminary phase, make it possible to acquire a more profound knowledge not only of places subject to archaeological risk, but also of the historical and environmental reconstruction that may be useful for carrying out a project. The second part of the essay tackles the methodological problem for the archaeological impact evaluation of a site; this can be developed with the following aims: a) to single out the historical periods of a territory, relevant from the archaeological point of view; b) to define the sensibility of a historical period; c) to define the level of risk. For the evaluation it is necessary to define a qualitative hierarchy of the different sensibility levels that the archaeological object can have. This hierarchy is based on the identification of the right pointers and relevant principles of interpretation. The last part of the essay is a synthesis of an applied study case, described after the explanation of the methodology of the archaeological impact evaluation. In this study case we adopted the “quali-quantitative” evaluation techniques

L'analisi archeologica nei processi di valutazione ambientale,. Proposta metodologica in ambiente GIS

This paper illustrates a research project aimed at testing a method of GIS-based evaluation which was conducted using specific criteria and an "objective point of view" during an archaeological impact assessment. The authors tested the use of a database, linked to a GIS platform, to assign fixed values in order to evaluate the "potential", the "value of the context" and the "risk" of single archaeological sites affected by new projects of urban development. Based on the application of the same methodology and language used by the scholars involved in the environmental impact studies and coming from other scientific fields (natural sciences, economics, etc.), the assessment idea is proposed in order to stimulate archaeologists to use not only qualitative, but also quantitative values, like the procedures for the environmental impact assessment. Some case studies relative to the Venetian Lagoon, Mestre and Comacchio (FE) conclude the paper

Strength and Ductility of Weldox 460E Steel at High Strain Rates, Elevated Temperatures and Various Stress Triaxialities

Strength and ductility data at high strain rates for Weldox 460 E steel was obtained from tensile tests with axisymmetric specimens. The tests were performed in a Split Hopkinson Tension Bar and the initial temperature was varied between 100 and 500C. The combined effect of high strain rate, elevated temperature and stress triaxiality on the behaviour was studied by testing both smooth and pre-notched specimens. It was found that the influence of temperature on the stress–strain behaviour differs at high strain rates compared with quasi-static loading conditions. The true fracture strain depends considerably on the stress triaxiality, which is governed by the notch geometry, while the influence of strain rate and temperature is less clear. Numerical simulations with the explicit finite element code LS-DYNA were performed using a model of elasto-viscoplasticity and ductile damage, which is based on the constitutive relation and fracture criterion of Johnson and Cook. The numerical simulations compare reasonably well with the experiments with respect to strength and ductility for both smooth and notched specimens at elevated temperatures.JRC.G.5-European laboratory for structural assessmen

Biaxial direct tensile tests in a large range of strain rates. Results on a ferritic nuclear steel

Constitutive equations are usually calibrated only trough the experimental results obtained by means of uniaxial tests because of the lack of adequate biaxial experimental data especially at high strain rate conditions. These data are however important for the validation of analytical models and also for the predictions of mechanical behaviour of real structures subjected to multiaxial loading by numerical simulations. In this paper some developments are shown concerning biaxial cruciform specimens and different experimental machines allowing biaxial tests in a large range of strain rates. This experimental campaign has also allowed study of the influence of changing the strain paths. Diagrams of equivalent stress versus straining direction and also equivalent plastic fracture strain versus straining direction are shown

The Roman Shipwreck Grado 2 and the UnderwaterMuse Project. Challenges for the Enhancement of Underwater Cultural Heritage

The activities in Friuli Venezia Giulia of the UnderwaterMuse project, funded by the UE cooperation programme Interreg Italy – Croatia, focused on the wreck of a Roman merchantship known as Grado 2 (3rd century BC), which lies 7 miles off the coast of Grado and 19 m deep. The intervention, directed by the Superintendency, was carried out between August and September 2021 by ERPAC, with the scientific collaboration of Ca’ Foscari University (Department of Humanities), University of Salento (Department of Cultural Heritage) and University of Udine (Department of Humanities and Cultural Heritage). The pilot project achieved the in situ enhancement of the cargo of amphorae of the wreck, in continuity with the previous interventions implemented between 2012 and 2015 by the Superintendency itself. The containers, most likely intended for storing wine, date back to the second half of the third century BC: it is the oldest load of amphorae in the north-central Adriatic, prior to the foundation of the colony of Aquileia (181 BC). The pilot action made it possible to highlight the entire load, document it accurately, reposition the existing grids and add others, identical and to completely cover it, thus ensuring the protection and accessibility for underwater tourists. Excavation trenches were realized, verifying the deposit consistency and the lack of the hull’s wooden remains. The realization of the 3D model through the photogrammetric survey also allows for those who cannot or do not want to dive themselves to enjoy the site remotely, thanks to an application that perfectly simulates a virtual diving on the site, available in the museums involved in the project. The following step is and will be the development of good practices of “participatory management”, to ensure that div- ing centers, diving clubs and other regional realities can assist the protection bodies, as already happens in neighboring Croatia, in the enhancement of the site, through underwater guided tours, with modalities and protocols always developed within the framework of UnderwaterMuse