5 research outputs found
Archéologie funéraire et historiographie (Chine)
Depuis une soixantaine dâannĂ©es, lâarchĂ©ologie funĂ©raire a complĂštement renouvelĂ© notre approche et notre documentation pour des pans entiers de lâhistoire chinoise. Les tombes, leurs structures, les textes, objets, aliments, peintures, inscriptions quâelles contenaient Ă©clairent non seulement les pratiques liĂ©es Ă la mort et les croyances religieuses, mais aussi la culture matĂ©rielle et lâorganisation sociale. Quelquesâuns de ces apports seront Ă©voquĂ©s de lâAntiquitĂ© au xviie siĂšcle Ă travers un certain nombre de thĂšmes : les rapports entre religion, rituel, politique et philosophie pour lâAntiquitĂ©Â ; la richesse dâinformations quâapportent les bibliothĂšques dĂ©posĂ©es dans les tombes des veâier siĂšcles avant notre Ăšre, celle quâapportent les tombes Han sur la vie dâiciâbas, la religion, lâorganisation de la sociĂ©tĂ© et les choix politiques des classes dominantes ; le faste et lâart de cour des Han et des Ming ; les modes de vie, les goĂ»ts et la culture visuelle des Ă©lites locales en Chine du Nord entre xe et xive siĂšcle. Enfin, les tombes conservent la mĂ©moire de la sociĂ©tĂ© pluriethnique et pluriculturelle qui domina en Chine du Nord pendant deux millĂ©naires.Funerary archaeology as it has been conducted for about sixty years has completely transformed our approach to and documentation of many areas of Chinese history. The tombs, their structure, the texts, objects, food, paintings and the inscriptions they contain bring to light not only the practices linked to death and religious beliefs, but also material culture and social organization. Several of these contributions can be seen from Antiquity to the 17th century: the relationship between religion, ritual, policy and philosophy in Antiquity; the rich information brought by the âlibrariesâ put in the tombs from the 5th to the 1st c. BC; the information provided by the Han tombs on the world of the living, the religion, the social life and political choices of the ruling classes; luxury and court art during the Han and Ming dynasties; the way of life, tastes and visual culture of the local elite in Northern China between the 10th and 14th c. Finally, the tombs keep the memory of the pluriethnic, pluricultural society, which dominated in Northern China for two thousand years
Capitales impériales chinoises (Les)
Plusieurs constantes ont marquĂ© les capitales impĂ©riales en Chine. Certaines tiennent aux conceptions cosmologiques, dâautres au rapport au passĂ©, Ă sa rĂ©utilisation, Ă son empreinte, mais aussi Ă sa destruction. Par ailleurs, lâhorizontalitĂ©, lâimportance des murailles, le gigantisme, la place prĂ©pondĂ©rante accordĂ©e au palais et Ă la citĂ© impĂ©riale constituent autant de choix qui se sont maintenus tout au long de lâhistoire des mĂ©tropoles chinoises. MalgrĂ© tout, et face Ă ces permanences, deux options politiques distinctes ont dominĂ© successivement lâurbanisme : jusquâaux Tang inclus, celle des capitales closes avec leurs quartiers et leurs marchĂ©s fermĂ©s et surveillĂ©s ; puis, Ă partir des Song du Nord, celle des capitales ouvertes, avec des artĂšres commerçantes, des marchĂ©s actifs jour et nuit, la disparition de la division entre rĂ©sidentiel, commercial et administratif, enfin avec la naissance dâune vraie culture urbaine.Several features played a constant and prominent part in the Chinese imperial capitals. Some of them are due to cosmological conceptions, others to the ties with the past, with its reuse, its mark, but also its destruction. Moreover, the horizontality, the size and importance of the capitalâs walls, the gigantism, the leading part played by the palace and the imperial city constitute choices that have been maintained throughout the history of the Chinese metropolis. Nevertheless, and in spite of these permanent features, two different political options have successively dominated urbanism: until the end of the Tang dynasty, the closed cities with their enclosed and extremely controlled wards and markets; later on, from the Northern Song, the open cities, with their commercial streets, their markets trading day and night, the end of the division between the residential, the commercial and the administrative, and finally, the birth of a real urban culture
Sur le luxe dans la Chine des Han. RĂšgles structurelles, critiques, et mesures conjoncturelles
La littĂ©rature Han reste peu loquace sur le luxe. Sans lâapport de lâarchĂ©ologie, il serait difficile de saisir une Ă©volution des pratiques et des sanctions sur les quatre siĂšcles de la dynastie (206 av.-220 ap. J.-C.). Il serait Ă©galement impossible dâentrevoir la rĂ©action des Ă©lites aux critiques et aux prescriptions. Ce sont les vestiges matĂ©riels que les Ă©lites nous ont laissĂ©s qui, en quelque sorte, parlent pour elles. Cette prĂ©sentation aborde dâabord les rĂšgles somptuaires structurelles qui constituent lâarriĂšre-plan sur lequel peuvent se comprendre les jugements de valeur et les prescriptions plus conjoncturelles. Elle tente dâenvisager celles-ci dans leur Ă©volution historique. Elle reprend ensuite les manifestations du luxe sur lesquelles portĂšrent les critiques, en insistant sur les enterrements dispendieux, qui constituĂšrent un phĂ©nomĂšne majeur et un objet de dĂ©bats tout au long de la dynastie. Enfin, elle Ă©voque en conclusion lâinefficacitĂ© des critiques et des mesures prises. Il nây eut ni vĂ©ritable lĂ©gislation somptuaire ni consensus politique sur la rĂ©pression du luxe dans la Chine des Han.Han literature does not often refer to luxury. Without the contribution of archaeology, it would be difficult to understand the evolution of practices and sanctions during the four centuries of the dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE). It would also be impossible to catch a glimpse of the reaction of the elites to critics and prescriptions. In a way, it is the remains left by the elites which speak for them. This presentation deals first with the structural sumptuary rules which are the background against which value judgments and prescriptions linked to circumstances can be explained. It tries to consider these judgments and prescriptions in their historical evolution. The presentation then investigates the demonstrations of luxury which were criticized, dwelling on lavish burial which constituted a major social phenomenon and a much debated question throughout the dynasty. Finally it seems clear that the criticism and the measures taken were ineffective. There was no real sumptuary legislation nor political consensus on repression of luxury in Han China
Encyclopédie des historiographies : Afriques, Amériques, Asies
Quels rapports les sociĂ©tĂ©s humaines entretiennent-elles avec leur passĂ© et quels rĂ©cits font-elles du temps rĂ©volu ? Pour ce premier volume de lâEncyclopĂ©die des historiographies. Afriques, AmĂ©riques, Asies, 157 spĂ©cialistes reprĂ©sentant 88 institutions acadĂ©miques en France et dans le monde explorent lâunivers des productions humaines qui constituent des sources pour lâhistorien et dĂ©chiffrent les nombreuses modalitĂ©s (« scientifiques », littĂ©raires, artistiques, monumentalesâŠ) de lâĂ©criture du passĂ©. Ăvoquant tour Ă tour lâAfrique, lâAmĂ©rique latine, lâAsie, lâOcĂ©anie, les 216 notices de lâouvrage prĂ©sentent des matĂ©riaux historiques de toute nature, issus de toutes les Ă©poques, souvent mĂ©connus, ainsi que lâhistoire de leurs usages. Lâentreprise collective quâest lâEncyclopĂ©die se veut novatrice : il sâagit de susciter une rĂ©flexion historiographique rĂ©solument non-occidentalo-centrĂ©e qui complĂšte utilement les dĂ©marches Ă©pistĂ©mologiques traditionnelles. Nouvel outil de connaissance historique forgĂ© Ă lâheure de la mondialisation, lâEncyclopĂ©die des historiographies est aussi une vĂ©ritable invitation au voyage.What are the different types of relations that non-Western societies upkeep with their past and how are narratives about the past produced by them? In this first volume of the Encyclopaedia of Historiography: Africa, America, Asia, 157 specialists from 88 international academic institutions explore the wealth of evidence that constitutes source material for historians. They also examine the immensely diverse modes or genres of narrated history: âscientificâ, literary, artistic, architectural, etc. 216 entries dealing with Africa, Latin America, Oceania, and Asia, cover a large variety of sources, including many which are unfamiliar to the Western or non-Western reader, along with the history of how they have been exploited. By bringing together for the first time such an abundance of material the reader is offered the possibility of exploring continents and building meaningful connections across space and time. In addition to being a new tool for historical enquiry in an era of globalization, this encyclopaedia is also an invitation to travel the world