Facies and sedimentary environment of the carbonate-dominated Carpathian Keuper from the Tatricum domain : results from the Dolina Smytnia valley (Tatra Mts, Southern Poland)

The paper focuses on an interpretation of sedimentary and early diagenetic environment in the carbonate-dominated uppermost Ladinian-Norian succession from the Tatricum domain of the Tatra Mountains as well as its controlling factors. Limestones with cherts are the product of pedogenic processes, formed during long-term exposures of carbonate substrate. Chalcedony cherts were formed during relatively early diagenesis of pedogenic limestones. Dolostones and dolomitic mudstones were deposited in a kind of salt marshes. Pseudomorphs after sulfates and absence of benthic fauna indicate increased salinity and intensive evaporation. Additionally, low TOC concentration suggests a low productivity in the basin. On the contrary, stable isotope signals indicate that the sedimentary environment was strongly affected by meteoric water. Moreover, 18O and concentration of Sr suggest that dolostones were formed under the influence of both marine and meteoric waters. Dolomitic mudstones could be deposited in a salt-marsh environment fed by distal sheet floods. Components of palynological material and organic compounds in black dolomitic mudstones indicate the terrestrial origin of organic matter. Dolomitic regoliths were formed as the result of subaerial exposure and karstification of dolostones. Coarse-grained siliciclastics and variegated mudstone are interpreted, respectively, as a fluvial channel and flood plain facies of ephemeric fluvial environment. Sedimentary environment of the Keuper sediments was controlled by two main factors: synsedimentary tectonic movements and climate changes. In the latest Ladinian, the Middle Triassic carbonate platform was emerged, what resulted in the development of palaeosols. Block tectonic movements affected the Tatricum Basin in Keuper time. Horsts were emerged, whereas troughs were filled with fluvial or salt marsh sediments. Intensive tectonic movements are suggested by seismic-generated slumps and abrupt facies changes. More intensive chemical weathering and intensive contribution of pure siliciclastics suggest climate pluvialization in late Ladinian-early Carnian time. On the contrary, domination of physical weathering indicates the aridization of climate in late Carnian?-Norian time. The upper Carnian?-Norian succession was formed in hot and semi-arid climate conditions. Long-term climate changes was masked by short-term climate fluctuations. Geochemical indicators suggest that dolostones represent more humid periods, whereas dolomitic mudstones relatively dry periods

Multi-stage dolomitization in the Lower-Middle Triassic succession of the High-Tatric series (Western Tatra Mts., Poland)

The paper is focused on multi-stage dolomitization process in the Lower-Middle Triassic succession of the High-Tatric series from the Western Tatra Mts. Lower and Middle Triassic bedded dolostones have several features indicating their early-diagenetic (synsedimentary) origin: preservation of sedimentary structures, fine-grained fraction (except redeposited deposits), relatively high concentration of siliciclastics, pseudomorphs after sulfates, lack of benthic fauna (except storm deposits). This can also be identified by presence of teepee structures and solution-collapse breccias. The sedimentological features and δ13C values may lead to conclusion that bedded dolostones were formed in the hypersaline environment, within supra- to interitidal zone. The part of bedded dolostones (mainly Early Triassic and latest Middle Triassic age) were formed during dilution of hipersaline waters by periodic fresh-water inputs. Positive correlation between δ13C and δ18O in dolomitized calcarenites suggests dolomitization with the influence of mixed meteoric and marine (hypersaline) waters. That dolomitization process took place during relatively early stage of burial diagenesis at marine regression times. The δ13C values of dolomitized calcilutites, as well as mosaic and saddle dolomitic cements suggest the dolomitization by solutions of marine origin. The lack of correlation between δ13C and δ18O indicates high temperature of these solutions. The values of δ18O indicate the temperature formation of dolomitic mosaic cements at 45-65°C. Calcilutites were dolomitized at 70-80°C, and saddle dolomite cements were formed in similar thermal conditions (70–85°C). Hydrothermal dolomitization is dated on Middle Triassic time

Remarks on nomenclature of Triassic carbonate rocks from the Tatra Mts.

The Upper Olenekian and Middle Triassic shallow water carbonates from Tatra Mts. were hitherto described using old, descriptive nomenclature only. Moreover, some sedimentological features were also misinterpreted, for example, fenestral structures were described mostly as organic ones. Authors carried out genetic reinterpretation of these sediments and selected sedimentological structures, which allow to apply modern terminology for the mentioned carbonate rocks. Generally, dolomites with fenestral structures are interpreted as early diagenetic sabkha dolomites with pseudomorphs after sulfates (gipsum, anhydrite). Fenestral structures in dedolomites are also interpreted as evaporite pseudomorphs while those developed in mudstones are interpreted as pseudomorphs after celestite. Dolosparites, earlier described as "sugar dolomites", are actually dolomitized calcarenites (grainstones and packstones)

Solution-collapse breccias in the upper Olenekian-Ladinian succession, Tatra Mts, Poland

The upper Olenekian-Middle Triassic succession of the Tatricum domain (Central Western Carpathians, southern Poland) includes a few horizons of breccias, which are intercalated with early-diagenetic dolostones. On the basis of macroscopic and microscopic (including cathodoluminescence) observations, the paper presents a new interpretation of the genesis of the breccias and their diagenetic history. The rocks studied range from monomictic, cemented mosaic packbreccias to chaotic, unsorted, monomictic, particulate rubble floatbreccias. The processes that preceded the formation of the breccias encompassed the precipitation of evaporites and the early-diagenetic dolomitization of lime muds. The solution-collapse breccias were formed during episodes of cyclic sediment emersions in the upper Olenekian and Middle Triassic, as the result of gradual sediment collapse after karstic dissolution of the intercalated evaporites. After the brecciation process, during diagenesis the rocks were subjected to cementation by sulphate minerals and next, to multi-stage dolomitization. Later tectonic processes led to fracturing and even re-brecciation of the previously formed solution-collapse breccias

Routing policy validation for the integrated system supporting routing in Software Defined Networks (SDNRoute)

In the article, a validation module, being a component of an integrated system supporting routing in software defined networks (SDNRoute), is proposed and thoroughly examined. The module allows for the verification of the results provided by the optimization module before these results are deployed in the production network. Routing policies are validated for their impact on the network quality parameters and against the threat of overloading (congestion)

Routing policy validation for the integrated system supporting routing in Software Defined Networks (SDNRoute)

In the article, a validation module, being a component of an integrated system supporting routing in software defined networks (SDNRoute), is proposed and thoroughly examined. The module allows for the verification of the results provided by the optimization module before these results are deployed in the production network. Routing policies are validated for their impact on the network quality parameters and against the threat of overloading (congestion)

Latency and energy-aware provisioning of network slices in cloud networks

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RiskNet: neural risk assessment in networks of unreliable resources

We propose a graph neural network (GNN)-based method to predict the distribution of penalties induced by outages in communication networks, where connections are protected by resources shared between working and backup paths. The GNN-based algorithm is trained only with random graphs generated on the basis of the Barabási–Albert model. However, the results obtained show that we can accurately model the penalties in a wide range of existing topologies. We show that GNNs eliminate the need to simulate complex outage scenarios for the network topologies under study—in practice, the entire time of path placement evaluation based on the prediction is no longer than 4 ms on modern hardware. In this way, we gain up to 12 000 times in speed improvement compared to calculations based on simulations.This work was supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education with the subvention funds of the Faculty of Computer Science, Electronics and Telecommunications of AGH University of Science and Technology (P.B., P.C.) and by the PL-Grid Infrastructure (K.R.).Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version