Association of rule of law and health outcomes : An ecological study

Objectives: To explore whether the rule of law is a foundational determinant of health that underlies other socioeconomic, political and cultural factors that have been associated with health outcomes. Setting: Global project. Participants: Data set of 96 countries, comprising 91% of the global population. Primary and secondary outcome measures: The following health indicators, infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, life expectancy, and cardiovascular disease and diabetes mortality rate, were included to explore their association with the rule of law. We used a novel Rule of Law Index, gathered from survey sources, in a cross-sectional and ecological design. The Index is based on eight subindices: (1) Constraints on Government Powers; (2) Absence of Corruption; (3) Order and Security; (4) Fundamental Rights; (5) Open Government; (6) Regulatory Enforcement, (7) Civil Justice; and (8) Criminal Justice. Results: The rule of law showed an independent association with infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, life expectancy, and cardiovascular disease and diabetes mortality rate, after adjusting for the countries' level of per capita income, their expenditures in health, their level of political and civil freedom, their Gini measure of inequality and women's status (p<0.05). Rule of law remained significant in all the multivariate models, and the following adjustment for potential confounders remained robust for at least one or more of the health outcomes across all eight subindices of the rule of law. Findings show that the higher the country's level of adherence to the rule of law, the better the health of the population. Conclusions: It is necessary to start considering the country's adherence to the rule of law as a foundational determinant of health. Health advocates should consider the improvement of rule of law as a tool to improve population health. Conversely, lack of progress in rule of law may constitute a structural barrier to health improvement

Protocolo de normas y procedimientos de un lactario institucional

Nutricionista DietistaPregrad

Vending sano y nutritivo

66 páginasHealthy and nutritious vending offers balanted snacks of excellent nutritional quality (fruits, sandwiches, nuts, biscuits and cakes high in fiber, sausages, chips and low-fat dairy and sodium) through automatic vending machines for food and beverages which they have a touch screen where it is possible to present nutritional information and advertising of products aimed at employees of large and medium-sized companies in the city of Bogotá, offering advantages for the health of employees and contributing to the productivity of the company. This project is committed to healthy and quality food as an alternative for everyone in a world where there is more and more awareness to lead a healthy life.Vending Sano y nutritivo ofrece snacks balanceados y de excelente calidad nutricional (frutas, sándwich, frutos secos, galletas y tortas altas en fibra, embutidos, chips y lácteos bajos en grasa y sodio) a través de máquinas automáticas dispensadoras de alimentos y bebidas las cuales tienen pantalla táctil donde es posible presentar información nutricional y publicidad de los productos dirigidos a empleados de empresas grandes y medianas en la ciudad de Bogotá, ofreciendo ventajas para la salud de los empleados y contribuyendo a la productividad de la empresa. Este proyecto apuesta por la alimentación sana y de calidad como alternativa para todos en un mundo donde cada vez hay más conciencia en llevar una vida saludable.Especialista en GerenciaEspecializació

Naturaleza y finalidad de la sanción disciplinaria respecto de la pena en el ordenamiento jurídico en Colombia

Tanto el Derecho Penal como el Disciplinario pueden tener como sujeto pasivo al servidor público, cuando en ejercicio de su deber funcional comete conductas calificadas por el legislador, bien sea como punibles o como faltas disciplinarias. No obstante contar con la finalidad preventiva y disuasiva, la sanción disciplinaria presenta diferencias en sus efectos con relación a la pena, pues la primera se relaciona con el alejamiento parcial o definitivo de la función pública mientras que la segunda, se refiere al poder coercitivo estatal de privar de derechos y libertades, incluso de la libertad, por la vulneración de bienes jurídicamente tutelados

Association of nutritional support programs with zinc deficiency in Colombian children: a cross-sectional study

Background: Zinc is an essential trace element that plays a key role in the immune, gastrointestinal, respiratory and nervous systems. In Colombia, a vast percentage of children live in low-income households with food insecurity and nutritional deficiencies, including zinc. In an effort to improve children's well-being, public health measures such as nutritional support programs that provide meals have targeted the poorest populations. The aim of the present study was to assess the role of nutritional support programs on zinc deficiency in Colombian children, while considering their wealth and food security.Methods: Cross-sectional study using data from the 2010 Colombian National Nutrition Survey, a population-based study representative of Colombia. A total of 4275 children between 12 and 59months of age were included in the study. Stepwise logistic regressions were modelled with SPSS, first for zinc deficiency on wealth and food security, then adding enrolment in a nutritional support program, and finally, adjusting for socio-demographic variables.Results: A zinc deficiency prevalence of 49% was found. The adjusted models showed an association of wealth quintiles: very poor (OR=1.48) and poor (OR=1.39), food security (OR=0.75) and enrolment in a nutritional support program (OR=0.76) with zinc deficiency. Enrolment in nutritional programs did not modify the relationship of wealth and food security to zinc deficiency.Conclusion: Zinc deficiency is associated with wealth, food security and enrolment in nutritional support programs. Nutritional programs may be a good alternative against zinc deficiency, if they focus appropriately on the needs of children according to their wealth and food security

Child labor in a marketplace in Bogotá

Objetivos El trabajo infantil en plazas de mercado es un fenómeno poco estudiado que se presenta incluso en países desarrollados y se asocia con trastornos en el desarrollo físico, psíquico, emocional y social de los niños. El presente trabajo pretende determinar el número de niños que se encuentran trabajando en la plaza de mercados más grande del país y los factores de riesgo a los que están expuestos. Métodos Se realizó un conteo de los niños que trabajan en la plaza y se determinó su genero y ocupación. Posteriormente se realizó un análisis de puesto de trabajo utilizando el panorama de riesgos profesionales de Fine. Resultados Se encontraron 376 menores, 318 niños y 58 niñas. El 30 % cargando bultos, el 42 % vendiendo y el 28 % acompañando o realizando tareas menores. Los factores de riesgo relacionados con seguridad son los que presentan un grado de peligrosidad más alto. Los siguen los ergonómicos, los psicosociales y los biológicos. Conclusión Los factores de riesgo que a corto plazo afectan más la salud de los niños en la plaza son los relacionados con la seguridad por el tránsito de vehículos, el apilamiento inapropiado de materiales potencialmente peligrosos y la carga física a que están sometidos. De acuerdo con el panorama de riesgos profesionales presentado, este es un trabajo peligroso para los niños. El trabajo de los niños en plazas de mercado debe ser regulado y el transporte de mercancías por parte de los mismos debe ser abolido.OBJECTIVE: Child labor in marketplaces has not been sufficiently studied. It is present even in developed countries and it has been associated with problems in the physical, psychological, emotional and social development of children. This paper aims at determining the number of children working in the largest marketplace in the country and the risk factors to which they are exposed. METHODOLOGY: Children working in the marketplace were counted and classified by gender and occupation. Working places were analyzed under Fine's professional risk plan. RESULTS: 376 children were found, 318 boys and 58 girls. 30% were carrying loads, 42% were selling merchandise, and 28% were doing minor jobs or accompanying relatives. The risk factors related with their personal security have the greatest danger level. They are followed by the ergonomic, psychosocial and biological factors. CONCLUSIONS: The risk factors affecting children's health the most in the short term are those related to personal security. They include vehicle traffic, inadequate materials storage that can be dangerous, and the physical burden that they have to suffer. According to the professional risk factors plan, this is a dangerous job for children. Child labor in marketplaces shall be regulated and the carrying of heavy loads prohibited

Work-related injuries among child street-laborers in Latin America: Prevalence and predictors

Objectives. To determine the prevalence and nature of occupational injuries among children working in the streets of four major cities in Latin America, as well as to identify factors that predict these work-related injuries. Methods. This cross-sectional study interviewed 584 children from 5-17 years of age working on the streets of Bogota, Colombia; Lima, Peru; Quito, Ecuador; and São Paulo, Brazil. Descriptive analyses and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted, with incidence and serious injuries regressed on occupational and sociodemographic variables. Results. Approximately 39.6% of the child street-laborers surveyed reported an injury sustained while working in the streets: scratches (19.5%), cuts/lacerations (16.4%), bums (8.6%), car accidents (8.9%), sprains (4.6%), and amputations (0.3%). Working a high number of daytime hours and performing on the street predicted the greatest risk of injury, even after controlling for sociodemographic factors; specifically, each additional hour of daytime work increased the risk of injury by 1.4%. Child performers had three times the injury rate of children primarily selling products. Boys, older children, and children in Quito were more likely to experience moderate-to-severe injuries, than girls, younger children, and street children in the other study cities. Conclusions. Interventions are needed to address the substantial risk of injury experienced by children working on the city streets of Latin America

Wealth, Social Protection Programs, and Child Labor in Colombia: A Cross-sectional Study

This article has 3 main objectives: (1) to assess the prevalence of child labor in Colombia, (2) to identify factors associated with child labor, and (3) to determine whether social protection programs have an association with the prevalence of child labor in the country. Using a cross-sectional study with data from the Colombian Demographic and Health Survey 2010, a working child was defined as a child who worked during the week prior to the survey in an activity other than household chores. Through descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and multivariate regressions, it was found that child labor was associated with gender (boys were more likely to work), older age, ethnicity (children from indigenous communities were more likely to be workers), school dropout, disability (children with disabilities were less likely to be working), subsidized health social security system membership, and lower number of years of mother’s schooling. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest that children beneficiaries of the subsidy Familias en Acción were less likely to be working and that social protection programs were more effective to reduce child labor when targeting the lowest wealth quintiles of the Colombian population. © The Author(s) 2018

Prevalencia de parásitos intestinales en niños preescolares de barrios vulnerables de Bogotá

Introducción: Infecciones parasitarias intestinales (IPI) son enfermedades tropicales desatendidas, a pesar de que su prevalencia es alta en muchos países en desarrollo. El impacto en la salud pública de los IPI es importante, especialmente para los niños debido al efecto negativo sobre el crecimiento y el desarrollo. Objectivos: Este estudio examina la prevalencia y factores de riesgo de IPI en niños preescolares de barrios en riesgo, incluidos los de las familias desplazadas. Materiales y Métodos: estudio transversal entre 239 niños preescolares de dos barrios vulnerables de Bogotá. Se recogieron muestras fecales y se examinaron microscópicamente utilizando dos técnicas (directa y Ritchie). Se aplicó cuestionario para indagar factores relacionados con el parasitismo intestinal. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de 26,4% de parásitos intestinales patógenos (Giardia duodenalis, Blastocystis spp, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides y Hymenolepis nana). La regresión logística resultó en cuatro factores de riesgo: hermanos ?5 años (OR 2.33 [1.077-5.021]), los perros callejeros (OR 2.91 [0.867-9.767]), los ocupantes de la casa (OR 2.57 [1.155-5.706]) y el sexo del niño/a (OR 2.17 [1.022-4.615]). Discusión: La presencia del IPI en los niños preescolar es un problema de salud importante en Bogotá y que debe abordarse. Una alta prevalencia de protozoos se encontró comparado con helmintos. La implementación de políticas que aborden los factores de riesgo podría ser un primer paso en la disminución de la prevalencia del IPI. El antecedente de desplazamiento no cambio ni el tipo de parásito ni la prevalencia de parasitismo.Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are neglected tropical diseases, even though their prevalence is high in many developing countries. The public health impact of IPIs is substantial, in particular for children due to the negative effect on growth and development. Objectives: This study examines the prevalence and risk factors of IPIs in preschool-children from at-risk neighborhoods, including those from internally displaced families. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study among 239 preschool-children from two vulnerable neighborhoods in Bogotá. Fecal samples were collected and microscopically examined (direct and Ritchie technique) and data regarding related factors was obtained through a questionnaire. Results: A prevalence of 26.4% for pathogenic parasites (Giardia duodenalis, Blastocystis spp, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Hymenolepis nana) was found. Logistic regression resulted in four risk factors: siblings ?5 years (OR 2.33 [1.077-5.021]), stray dogs (OR 2.91 [0.867-9.767]), household members (OR 2.57 [1.155-5.706]) and child's sex (OR 2.17 [1.022-4.615]). Discussion: IPI presence in preschool children is an important health issue in Bogotá which should be addressed. A high protozoan prevalence was found compared to helminthes. Implementing policies addressing risk factors could be a first step in decreasing IPI prevalenc

Crisis financiera actual de estados unidos, amenaza u oportunidad para las economías emergentes: Colombia

La crisis financiera mundial iniciada en el segundo trimestre del 2007, ha afectado de forma distinta a las economías desarrolladas y a las emergentes, estas últimas han mantenido un buen desempeño en los últimos años con un diferencial de crecimiento bastante marcado respecto a las economías avanzadas y con proyecciones de crecimiento y desarrollo muy favorables, llegando a ser consideradas como el motor de crecimiento futuro de la economía a nivel global, en la región de América Latina los aspectos que han impulsado este comportamiento se encuentran asociados a la bonanza en los precios de los principales productos de exportación (bienes básicos) y a la confianza mantenida en la economías de la zona, que se ha traducido en mayores entradas de flujos de capital internacional, sin embargo, los factores que han permitido enfrentar y soportar la recesión de buena manera por parte de los países emergentes pueden convertirse en elementos de vulnerabilidad y desencadenamiento de recalentamiento económico y deterioro comercial. Para el caso específico colombiano, la coyuntura actual de crisis puede llegar a representar una oportunidad, siempre y cuando las medidas de política macroeconómica adoptadas por parte del gobierno tanto en materia monetaria, cambiaria y fiscal estén dirigidas a reforzar la capacidad de resistencia ante posibles amenazas, contando con un sistema financiero estable y un sistema productivo fortalecido y competitivoThe global financial crisis that started in the second quarter of 2007, has affected differently than developed economies and emerging, the latter have maintained a good performance in recent years with a growth differential with respect to advanced economies and with projections growth and development very favorable, becoming considered the engine of growth for the global economy, issues that have driven this behavior are associated with the boom in prices of major export products (commodities) and the confidence in the emerging economies that has resulted in increased inflows of international capital flows, however, the factors that have led to face and withstand the recession in good way by the emerging countries can become elements of vulnerability, onset of economic overheating and deterioration of trade. For the specific case of Colombia, the current situation of crisis may represent an opportunity, if the macroeconomic policy taken by the government, both in the matter monetary, fiscal and exchange, are intended to strengthen the resilience to potential threats, with a stable financial system and a strengthened productive syste