The Effects of X-rays and Beta Rays (Tritium) on the Growth of \u3cem\u3eRickettsia mooseri\u3c/em\u3e and \u3cem\u3eRickettsia akari\u3c/em\u3e in Embryonate Eggs

The growth of Rickettsia mooseri was accelerated and quantitatively increased in embryonate eggs containing tritium oxide at levels of 180, 90, and 45 mc./egg during the growth period. The eggs of a group containing 22.5 mc./egg showed only a slight increase in the rate of growth of organisms; the infections in the eggs of a group given 11.2 mc./egg did not differ significantly from those of the control group. On the other hand, growth of R. akari was inhibited in embryonate eggs containing tritium oxide at levels of 180, 90, and 45 mc./egg, and partially inhibited in groups containing 22.5 and 11.2 mc./egg. The patterns of growth of R. mooseri and of R. akari exposed to tritium oxide for 6 hours prior to inoculation into embryonate eggs did not differ significantly from that of the control group

Modified Live Virus Hog Cholera Vaccine--M.L.V.

During the past several months great interest has been shown, especially by veterinarians and swine growers, in the new modified live-virus vaccines for use in vaccination of swine against hog cholera. These vaccines have been given wide publicity through articles appearing in newspapers, farm journals and veterinary publications. Some of these articles have been misleading and tend to create a false impression by seeming to imply that all modified live-virus vaccines are alike or that there is but one such vaccine

Maternal and Neonatal Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke Targets Pro-Inflammatory Genes in Neonatal Arteries

Maternal mainstream tobacco smoking is known to have adverse outcomes on fetal respiratory function; however, no data is currently available on the effects of passive exposure to tobacco smoking and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on fetal systemic arterial structure and function. Eight pregnant rhesus macaque monkeys were studied at the California Regional Primate Research Center breeding colony. The estimated gestational age for each dam was established by sonography performed before gestational day 40. Two inhalation chambers were used, each with an air capacity of 3.5 m3, and each housed two dams. Aged and diluted sidestream smoke was used as a surrogate for ETS. Exposure to ETS (1 mg/m3) occurred for 6 h/day, 5 days/week, beginning on gestational day 100. All dams were allowed to give birth spontaneously and then ETS exposure continued 70–80 days postnatally with the chamber containing both the mother and infant. Carotid arteries from four control (C) and four ETS-treated newborns were analyzed for mRNA by gene macroarray and for protein by Western blotting. A total of 588 cardiovascular genes were studied. Four genes were upregulated by ETS compared to C, and nine genes were downregulated (≥2-fold change). Three genes were selected for further study. Following ETS exposure, neonatal carotid arteries of non-human primates manifested evidence of inflammation with increased gene and protein expression of LFA-1 and RANTES, proteins that are recognized to be important in vascular adhesion and inflammation, and downregulation of expression for the receptor for VEGF, which has a key role in angiogenesis. Prenatal and postnatal exposure to ETS increases expression of pro-inflammatory genes and may be responsible for early arterial vascular remodeling that is predisposing to a subsequent vascular disease

Thermodynamic and magnetic properties of metastable FexCu100−x solid solutions formed by mechanical alloying

Copyright 1993 American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics. The article originally appeared in Journal of Applied Physics 74, 955 (1993) and may be found at http://jap.aip.org/resource/1/japiau/v74/i2/p955_s1.Metastable solid solutions of Fe and Cu, which are immiscible in equilibrium, have been formed using high-energy ball milling of elemental powder mixtures. Single-phase face-centered-cubic (fcc) solid solution was obtained for 0<x≤60, and body-entered-cubic (bcc) solid solution for 75≤x<100. The transition from fcc to bcc occurred near x=70, where a mixture of fcc and bcc phases was obtained. The enthalpy of transformation to equilibrium was measured using differential scanning calorimetry. The average atomic volume of the phases exhibits a positive deviation from Vegard’s law, in qualitative agreement with the large positive enthalpy of mixing in this system. The magnetic moments and Curie temperatures for the metastable solid solutions have been determined and compared with those reported for Fe-Cu alloys formed by vapor deposition. Calculations of the formation enthalpy (ΔH) and free energy (ΔG) have been performed based on calphad data, with corrections based on our magnetization measurements. The calculated ΔG results are used to explain the observed fcc-bcc transition under polymorphous constraints.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/69705/2/JAPIAU-74-2-955-1.pd

The mammalian respiratory system and critical windows of exposure for children's health.

The respiratory system is a complex organ system composed of multiple cell types involved in a variety of functions. The development of the respiratory system occurs from embryogenesis to adult life, passing through several distinct stages of maturation and growth. We review embryonic, fetal, and postnatal phases of lung development. We also discuss branching morphogenesis and cellular differentiation of the respiratory system, as well as the postnatal development of xenobiotic metabolizing systems within the lungs. Exposure of the respiratory system to a wide range of chemicals and environmental toxicants during perinatal life has the potential to significantly affect the maturation, growth, and function of this organ system. Although the potential targets for exposure to toxic factors are currently not known, they are likely to affect critical molecular signals expressed during distinct stages of lung development. The effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke during critical windows of perinatal growth are provided as an example leading to altered cellular and physiological function of the lungs. An understanding of critical windows of exposure of the respiratory system on children's health requires consideration that lung development is a multistep process and cannot be based on studies in adults

Effect of strain rate on the formation of nanocrystallites in an Al-based amorphous alloy during nanoindentation

Copyright 2003 American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics. The article originally appeared in Journal of Applied Physics 93, 9287 (2003) and may be found at http://jap.aip.org/resource/1/japiau/v93/i11/p9287_s1.The effect of deformation by nanoindentation on nanocrystallization in amorphous Al90Fe5Gd5Al90Fe5Gd5 was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Massive precipitation of nanocrystallites is observed within the indents. Under the quasistatic condition used, a temperature rise due to adiabatic heating is likely negligible, confirming that plastic deformation can induce crystallization without a heating effect. The nucleation of nanocrystallites is significantly affected by the strain rate. © 2003 American Institute of Physics.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/69990/2/JAPIAU-93-11-9287-1.pd

Exposure to Secondhand Smoke and Arrhythmogenic Cardiac Alternans in a Mouse Model.

BackgroundEpidemiological evidence suggests that a majority of deaths attributed to secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure are cardiovascular related. However, to our knowledge, the impact of SHS on cardiac electrophysiology, [Formula: see text] handling, and arrhythmia risk has not been studied.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of an environmentally relevant concentration of SHS on cardiac electrophysiology and indicators of arrhythmia.MethodsMale C57BL/6 mice were exposed to SHS [total suspended particles (THS): [Formula: see text], nicotine: [Formula: see text], carbon monoxide: [Formula: see text], or filtered air (FA) for 4, 8, or 12 wk ([Formula: see text]]. Hearts were excised and Langendorff perfused for dual optical mapping with voltage- and [Formula: see text]-sensitive dyes.ResultsAt slow pacing rates, SHS exposure did not alter baseline electrophysiological parameters. With increasing pacing frequency, action potential duration (APD), and intracellular [Formula: see text] alternans magnitude progressively increased in all groups. At 4 and 8 wk, there were no statistical differences in APD or [Formula: see text] alternans magnitude between SHS and FA groups. At 12 wk, both APD and [Formula: see text] alternans magnitude were significantly increased in the SHS compared to FA group ([Formula: see text]). SHS exposure did not impact the time constant of [Formula: see text] transient decay ([Formula: see text]) at any exposure time point. At 12 wk exposure, the recovery of [Formula: see text] transient amplitude with premature stimuli was slightly (but nonsignificantly) delayed in SHS compared to FA hearts, suggesting that [Formula: see text] release via ryanodine receptors may be impaired.ConclusionsIn male mice, chronic exposure to SHS at levels relevant to social situations in humans increased their susceptibility to cardiac alternans, a known precursor to ventricular arrhythmia. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3664

Planning, programming and budgeting for training conducted en route between permanent duty stations: a comparison of the military services

The requirement to provide en route temporary duty training is not unique to the Navy, but is a requirement common to al four military services. This thesis is a comparative study as to how the Navy and its sister services plan, program and budget for active duty personnel training conducted en route between permanent duty stations. Specific attention will be given to the Navy's Temporary Duty Under Instruction (TEMDUINS). This thesis will also examine related programs used by the United States Army, Air Force and Marine Corps to determine how they manage their en route training activities. The focus will be both on the mechanics of their respective planning, programming and budgeting processes, and managerial interactions and management control procedures used.http://archive.org/details/planningprogramm00pinkLieutenant Commander, United States NavyApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited