Propriedades do supercondutor cerâmico diboreto de magnésio-MgB2

Mestrado em Física AplicadaO presente trabalho é um estudo de algumas propriedades eléctricas e magnéticas fundamentais do composto supercondutor binário intermetálico diboreto de magnésio-MgB2 produzido pelos métodos de prensagem isostática a quente-HIP de pó comercial de MgB2 e sinterização reactiva de pós de Mg e B-SR. O estudo das propriedades eléctricas consistiu na medição da resistência em função da temperatura- R(T) e da tensão em função da corrente para várias temperaturas fixas-V(I) utilizando o método padrão dos quatro contactos que permitiram obter parâmetros como a temperatura crítica Tc, com valores típicos de ≈35-37K, e a largura de transição ΔTc. A partir das medidas V(I) determinou-se a sua densidade de corrente crítica-JC. O estudo das propriedades magnéticas consistiu na medida da magnetização (M) em função do campo (H) e da temperatura e da susceptibilidade magnética χ=M/H em função da temperatura-χ(T) após arrefecimento em campo nulo. Foram realizados ciclos de histerese na fase supercondutora (T≤35K).A JC magnética foi determinada a partir do modelo do estado crítico. Os valores de JC típicos de transporte situam-se entre ≈7-15 A/cm2 para T=13K e são muito inferiores aos valores de Jc(T) magnético, que variam entre ≈ 0.5 e 4x106 A/cm2 para T=10K. Os valores máximos obtidos de Jc(H) são de ≈105-106 A/cm2. O comportamento quantitativo e qualitativo de Jc(T) e Jc(H) magnético bem como o dos parâmetros obtidos das medidas R(T) é semelhante ao reportado na literatura. Pelo contrário, os valores de Jc de transporte são cerca de 5-6 ordens de grandeza inferiores possivelmente devido à existência de “weak-links” nas fronteiras de grão. Os resultados das medidas χ(T) indicam uma Tc≈37K, em acordo com as medidas de transporte, e que a maior parte do volume das amostras (≈90%) se encontra no estado supercondutor. Observou-se também que as propriedades magnéticas variam com as dimensões das amostras (descontando os efeitos da desmagnetização). Este comportamento é uma consequência da existência de supercorrentes de blindagem em diferentes escalas de comprimento devido à existência de vazios e regiões não supercondutoras no interior das amostras. Os valores do campo de irreversibilidade-Hirr a 20K variam entre ≈35 kOe e 55 kOe. Estes resultados são também semelhantes aos tipicamente reportados. Não foi possível tirar conclusões relativamente ao campo crítico superior Hc2 devido às limitações no campo máximo alcançável nas medidas magnéticas. Os dados experimentais sugerem que embora o cerne das amostras se encontre na sua maior parte no estado supercondutor a ligação entre os grãos é ainda deficiente. ABSTRACT: The present work focus on the electric and magnetic properties of the intermetalic binary superconducting compound magnesium diboride-MgBB2. produced by the methods of hot isostatic pressing-HIP of commercial MgB2 powder and reactive sintering of Mg and B powders-SR.The study of the electric properties consisted on the measurement of the resistance as a function of temperature- R(T) and the voltage as a function of the current fo B r some fixed temperatures- V(I) using the standard 4-point probe technique. From these measurements parameters like the critical temperature-Tc, with typical values between 35-37K, and the transition width-ΔTc were obtained. From the V(I) measurements the critical current density-Jc was determined. The study of the magnetic properties consisted on the measurement of the magnetization (M) as a function of the magnetic field (H) and temperature and of the magnetic susceptibility χ=M/H as a function of temperature, after zero field cooling procedure. Hysteresis cycles were performed in the superconducting phase (T≤35K). The magnetic Jc was determined using a critical state model. The transport Jc values obtained are ≈7-15 A/cm2 for T=13K and the magnetic Jc values ≈ 0.5 a 4x106 A/cm2 for T=10K. The maximum Jc(H) values are ≈105- 106 A/cm2. The quantitative and qualitative behaviour of both Jc(T) and Jc(H) as well as the parameters obtained from the R(T) measurements are similar to the usually reported for HIPed samples. In contrast the transport Jc values are 5-6 orders of magnitude lower possibly because of the existence of weak-links on the grain boundaries. The results of the χ(T) measurements indicated a Tc≈37K, in agreement with the transport measurements, and that most of the samples volume (≈90%) is in the superconducting state. It was observed that the magnetic properties depend on the sample dimensions (besides demagnetising effects). This behaviour is a consequence of magnetic screening in different length scales due to the existence of voids and non superconducting regions inside the samples. The Hirr values at 20K are between ≈35 kOe and 55 kOe.These results are also similar to the usually reported.No conclusions were reached regarding the upper critical field-Hc2 due to limitations in the maximum applied field obtainable. The experimental data indicate that most of the bulk of the samples becomes superconducting but the linking between the grains is still deficient

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Interpretation: By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning

Resumos concluídos - Saúde Coletiva

Resumos concluídos - Saúde Coletiv

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2008

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq