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Separation by thermal diffusion in a rotary column

A rotary thermal diffusion column with the inner cylinder rotating and the outer cylinder static was used to separate n-heptane-benzene mixtures at different speeds of rotation. The results show that the column efficiency depends on the speed of rotation. For the optimum speed the increase in efficiency relative to the static column was of the order of 8%. The role of the geometric irregularities in the annulus width on performance of the rotary column is also discussed.Calouste Gulbenkian Foundatio

Liquid thermal diffusion in a batch rotary column

Experimental observations of separation by thermal diffusion in rotary columns have been published, but no adequate theory to explain the column performance has been given. By consideration of the hydrodynamics within the annular space an approximate theory has been developed which shows that for a geometrically perfect column the relevant parameters affecting separation can be simply related to the corresponding static column. The relaxation-time and separation are virtually independent of the speed of rotation and separation values are more favourable for the rotary column. The application of the theory to non-perfect practical columns requires the consideration of the "equivalent annulus width" concept similar to the static case. Experimental tests conducted at different speeds of rotation in two geometrically different columns whose inner cylinder rotates and the outer is static, showed that the rotation at moderate speeds increased the equilibrium separation by about 7%, reducing, simultaneously the relaxation time by an average of 3%. These results are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions

Biofouling in tubes: some trends and perspectives

A significant increase in the literature concerning the formation of biological deposits in tubes has been noticed in the last few years. Yet, the scope of the majority of the reports is limited to the study of a single operating parameter. Besides, the operating conditions differ significantly from case to case, renderino difficult the absortion of the available information. In this work, a survey of the most recent publications on the subject of tube biofouling is undertaken, as a means of clarifying further research proprams. Emphasis is placed on the systems used, experimental equipments adopted and, essentially on the parameters studied. Of these, specially attention is qiven to the influence of tube material and roughness, foulant type and concentration, fluid velocity and temperature field

The MIPSGAL View of Supernova Remnants in the Galactic Plane

We report the detection of Galactic supernova remnants (SNRs) in the mid-infrared (at 24 and 70 μm), in the coordinate ranges 10° < l < 65° and 285° < l < 350°, |b| < 1°, using MIPS aboard the Spitzer Space Telescope. We search for infrared counterparts to SNRs in Green's catalog and identify 39 out of 121, i.e., a detection rate of about 32%. Such a relatively low detection fraction is mainly due to confusion with nearby foreground/background sources and diffuse emission. The SNRs in our sample show a linear trend in [F_8/F_(24)] versus [F_(70)/F_(24)]. We compare their infrared fluxes with their corresponding radio flux at 1.4 GHz and find that most remnants have a ratio of 70 μm to 1.4 GHz which is similar to those found in previous studies of SNRs (with the exception of a few that have ratios closer to those of H II regions). Furthermore, we retrieve a slope close to unity when correlating infrared (24 and 70 μm) with 1.4 GHz emission. Our survey is more successful in detecting remnants with bright X-ray emission, which we find is well correlated with the 24 μm morphology. Moreover, by comparing the power emitted in the X-ray, infrared, and radio, we conclude that the energy released in the infrared is comparable to the cooling in the X-ray range

A model for the interpretation of biofouling

The formation of biofilms on heat exchange surfaces was studied using water with Pseudomonas fluorescens as a contaminant and also a mixture of these bacteria and kaolin particles. In every case increasing the fluid velocity resulted in a decrease in the final amount of deposit and in the deposition rate . The effect of the fluid velocity was interpreted using a mathematical model and it was found that cell adhesion and reproduction were the fundamental processes controlling the deposition rate . The presence of inorganic particles in the deposit enhanced the biofilm growth rate . This result was explained by the differences in the structure of the fouling layers

Thermal diffusion in solids : an overview

Thermal diffusion in liquids and gases has been the focus of a number of studies and is considered, at present, a reasonably wellknown topic. In solids though, the phenomena is far less understood namely in what regards the effects of thermal gradients upon the integrity and characteristics of materials. Furthermore it is not clear whether or not thermal diffusion can be used as a purificating method for solids. Yet, many current techniques such as the laser, used in metal working and other solids, induce strong thermal gradients being, therefore, potential cause for the occurrence of thermal diffusion. In this work, a survey and discussion of theoretical and experimental studies of thermal diffusion in solids is undertaken

Fouling in heat exchangers: a study of the mechanisms of formation of kaolin deposits

Fouling caused by a water-kaolin suspension in an annular heat exchanger was studied. Deposition seemed to be controlled by ma!!s transfer for lower Reynolds numbers and by adhesion for higher Re. The data was satisfactorily described by the generalized model of Pinheiro. The relative cohesion of the deposits was measured using a concentric cylinders apparatus, which also helped in confirming the existence of a loose and a hard layer in the kaolin deposits

Particulate fouling: controlling processes and deposit structure

Fouling caused by a water-kaolin suspension in an annular heat exchanger was studied. Deposition seemed to be controlled by mass transfer for lower Reynolds numbers and by adhesion for higher Re. The data was satisfactorily described by the generalized model of Pinheiro. The relative cohesion of the deposits was measured using a rotating cylinder apparatus, which also helped in confirming the existence of a loose and a hard layer in the kaolin deposits.(undefined

Estimating friction factors in a fouled annulus

Fouling of heat transfer surfaces modifies the associated conductive thermal resistance and convective heat transfer coefficient. Often, the latter varies as a result of changes in the roughness of the deposition surface. If fouling is being studied in an annular heat exchanger, deposits may form on both surfaces of the annular cross section, and an estimation of the friction factors of each fouled surface is needed. In order to evaluate these factors a simple method can be used as described in this paper, based on pressure drop measurements and current equations. Experimental results are reported and appear to support the method.L'encrassement des surfaces de transfert de chaleur modifie leur résistance thermique conductive et leur coefficient de transfert de chaleur par convection. Celui-ci change, souvent, comme résultat de variations de la rugosité de la surface causées par des dépôts. Dans un échangeur de section annulaire, les dépôts peuvent se former sur les deux surfaces de l'espace annulaire. Il est donc nécessaire de calculer les coefficients de frottement de chacune de ces surfaces, ce qui peut être accompli en appliquant la méthode décrite ici, basée sur des équations simples et des mesures de la perte de charge. Les résultats expérimentaux semblent confirmer la validité de cette méthode