Moments of Spin Structure Functions: Sum Rules and Polarizabilities

Nucleon structure study is one of the most important research areas in modern physics and has challenged us for decades. Spin has played an essential role and often brought surprises and puzzles to the investigation of the nucleon structure and the strong interaction. New experimental data on nucleon spin structure at low to intermediate momentum transfers combined with existing high momentum transfer data offer a comprehensive picture in the strong region of the interaction and of the transition region from the strong to the asymptotic-free region. Insight for some aspects of the theory for the strong interaction, Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), is gained by exploring lower moments of spin structure functions and their corresponding sum rules. These moments are expressed in terms of an operator-product expansion using quark and gluon degrees of freedom at moderately large momentum transfers. The higher-twist contributions have been examined through the evolution of these moments as the momentum transfer varies from higher to lower values. Furthermore, QCD-inspired low-energy effective theories, which explicitly include chiral symmetry breaking, are tested at low momentum transfers. The validity of these theories is further examined as the momentum transfer increases to moderate values. It is found that chiral perturbation theory calculations agree reasonably well with the first moment of the spin structure function g_1 at low momentum transfer of 0.05 - 0.1 GeV^2 but fail to reproduce some of the higher moments, noticeably, the neutron data in the case of the generalized polarizability Delta_LT. The Burkhardt-Cottingham sum rule has been verified with good accuracy in a wide range of Q^2 assuming that no singular behavior of the structure functions is present at very high excitation energies.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, review article based on a talk at 2008 fall DNP meeting, to appear in International Journal of Modern Physics

Is the exotic X(5568)X(5568) a bound state?

Stimulated by the recent observation of the exotic $X(5568)$ state by D0 Collaboration, we study the four-quark system $us\bar{b}\bar{d}$ with quantum numbers $J^P=0^+$ in the framework of chiral quark model. Two structures, diquark-antidiquark and meson-meson, with all possible color configurations are investigated by using Gaussian expansion method. The results show that energies of the tetraquark states with diquark-antiquark structure are too high to the candidate of $X(5568)$, and no molecular structure can be formed in our calculations. The calculation is also extended to the four-quark system $us\bar{c}\bar{d}$ and the same results as that of $us\bar{b}\bar{d}$ are obtained.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figur

Photoproduction of vector mesons in proton-proton ultraperipheral collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider

Photoproduction of vector mesons are computed in dipole model in proton-proton ultraperipheral collisions(UPCs) at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The dipole model framework is employed in the calculations of vector mesons production in diffractive processes. Parameters of the bCGC model are refitted with the latest inclusive deep inelastic scattering experimental data. Employing the bCGC model and Boosted Gaussian light-cone wave function for vector mesons, we obtain prediction of rapidity distributions of $J/\psi$ and $\psi(2s)$ mesons in proton-proton ultraperipheral collisions at the LHC. The predictions give a good description to the experimental data of LHCb. Predictions of $\phi$ and $\omega$ mesons are also evaluated in this paper.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1805.0621