Effects of yeast and dried kratom leaves (Mitragyna speciosa [Korth] Havil.) supplementation on digestibility, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and nitrogen balance in goats

Objective The objective of the experiment was to study yeast supplementation (yeast, Y) and dried kratom leaves (DKTL) on the digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites and nitrogen balance in goats. Methods Four of 7 to 8 months old male crossbred (50% Thai Native-Anglo Nubian) goats with average liveweight 20±0.13 kg were randomly assigned according to a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a 4×4 Latin square design to receive four diets ad libitum basis. The study investigated the effects of two levels of yeast (Y) supplementation (Y, 0 and 0.5g/kg dry matter [DM]) along with two levels of DKTL supplementation (DKTL, 0 and 4.44g/kg DM). The experimental groups were as follows: T1 = control group with 0Y+0DKTL, T2 = 0Y+4.44 DKTL, T3 = 0.5Y+0DKTL, and T4 = 0.5Y+4.44 DKTL. Results The results showed that there were no interactions between Y levels and DKTL levels with respect to total DM intake, but there were significant effects (p<0.05) by levels of Y; goats receiving 0.05 g/kg DM Y had higher than goats fed 0.0 g/kg DM on average (kg/d). A percentage of body weight (% BW) and grams per kilogram of metallic weight (g/kg w0.75) had no influence on yeast levels and DKTL, but there was a difference (p<0.05) by yeast level Y at 0.5 g/kg DM, being higher compared to the non-supplemented group. Apparent digestibility coefficient of nutrition in the form of (DM, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber) was an increased trend in the Y-level complementary group at 0.5 g/kg DM and DKTL at 4.44 g/kg DM, respectively. Protozoa populations decreased in the group receiving Y levels at 0.5 g/kg DM and DKTL levels at 4.44 g/kg DM when compared to group T1. The acetic acid concentration and methane gas generation decreased (p<0.05) in the group receiving Y levels of 0.5 g/kg DM and DKTL levels of 4.44 g/kg DM, while the amount of propionic acid increased (p<0.05). Conclusion Effects of feeding combinations of Y and DKTL supplementation on feed showed no interaction effect (Y×DKTL) on feed intake, rumen fermentation, bacterial and fungi population. The effect on protozoal populations was lower in the group that was supplemented with DKTL at 4.44 g/kg DM related to synthetic CH4 was reduced

Effects of Supplementing Finishing Goats with Mitragyna speciosa (Korth) Havil Leaves Powder on Growth Performance, Hematological Parameters, Carcass Composition, and Meat Quality

The objective of this study was to see how dried Mitragyna speciosa Korth leaves (DKTL) affected growth, hematological parameters, carcass characteristics, muscle chemical composition, and fatty acid profile in finishing goats. In a randomized complete block design, twenty crossbred males (Thai Native x Boer) weaned goats (17.70 &plusmn; 2.50 kg of initial body weight (BW)) were provided to the experimental animals (5 goats per treatment) for 90 days. Individual dietary treatments of 0, 2.22, 4.44, and 6.66 g/d of DKTL on a dry matter basis were given to the goats. The diets were provided twice daily as total mixed rations ad libitum. In comparison to the control diet, DKTL supplementation had no effect on BW, average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass composition, meat pH, or meat color (p &gt; 0.05). After DKTL treatment, the hot carcass weight, longissimus muscle area, oleic acid (C18:1n9), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), and protein content increased, but saturated fatty acids (SFA) and ether extract decreased (p &lt; 0.05). To summarize, DKTL supplementation can improve goat meat quality

Effects of crude glycerin from waste vegetable oil in diets on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot goats

Objective This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of crude glycerin from waste vegetable oil (CGWVO) on performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and muscle chemical composition. Methods Twenty-four crossbred (Thai Native×Anglo Nubian) uncastrated male goats (16.8± 0.46 kg body weight [BW]) were assigned to a completely randomized design and subjected to four experimental diets containing 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% of CGWVO (63.42% of glycerol and 47.78% of crude fat) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The diets were offered ad libitum as total mixed rations twice daily. The feed intake, feeding behavior, growth performance, carcass and meat traits, and muscle chemical composition were evaluated. Results Based on this experiment, there were significant differences (p>0.05) among groups regarding DM intake, growth performance, and carcass traits where goats receiving 6% of CGWVO had lower daily DM intake, growth performance, and carcass traits than those fed on 0%, 2%, and 4% of CGWVO. There were no effects of CGWVO on carcass length, carcass width, Longissimus muscle (LM) area, Warner-Bratzler shear force, pH and color of LM at 45 min after slaughter, as well as on other carcass cut and muscle chemical composition. Conclusion In conclusion, the addition of up to 4% of DM in the diets for crossbred finishing goats seems to be the most interesting strategy, since it promotes greatest animal performance. Moreover, this study was a suitable approach to exploit the use of biodiesel production from waste vegetable oil for goat production

Effect of supplemental nitrogen from urea on digestibility, rumen fermentation pattern, microbial populations and nitrogen balance in growing goats

For this study, four Thai Native (TN) x Anglo Nubian (AN) crossbred growing goats with an average liveweight of 19.0+1 kg were randomly used in a 4x4 Latin square design to determine the effect of supplemental nitrogen from urea on digestibility, rumen fermentation pattern, microbial populations and nitrogen balance in growing goats. Fresh elephant grass(FEG) was offered ad libitum as the roughage. Four dietary treatments with supplemental nitrogen from urea were T1 = urea at 0% cassava chip, (CC = 30%), T2 = urea at 1% (CC = 40%), T3 = urea at 2% (CC = 50%) and T4 = urea at 3% (CC = 60%),respectively. Based on this experiment, it was found that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) among treatment groups regarding nutrient intake (OMI, CPI, NDFI and ADFI) and digestion coefficients of nutrients (DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF), while digestible nutrient intake of CP (g/d) was affected by increasing urea levels. Ruminal volatile fatty acidprofiles were similar among treatments. Moreover, rumen microorganism populations were not affected (p>0.05) by increasing urea levels. The amount of N absorption and retention were similar among treatments, except for T4 which tended to be slightly lower in N absorption as compared to control diet, but higher N output retained (% of N intake) than the control-fed goats. From the overall results, it can be concluded that a higher level of urea (3%) could be used with a high level of CC (60%) in concentrate when fed with FEG and it was found to be a good approach to exploiting the use of local feedresources for goat production

Effect of different levels of sago palm pith on nutrient utilization in Thai native cattle fed with plicatulum hay (Paspalum plicatulum Michx.) and soybean meal

The effects of different levels of sago palm pith as energy source on nutrient utilization and rumen fermentationcharacteristics of Thai native cattle were investigated. Four rumen-fistulated bulls with average body weight (BW) of 263± 10 kg were randomly assigned according to a 4x4 Latin Square Design. Plicatulum hay (Paspalum plicatulum Michx.) wasoffered to each animal ad libitum with 0.50 kg/h/d of soybean meal. The dietary treatments were sago palm pith supplementationat the rate of 0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75% of BW (T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively). The results showed that the total DMI (49.77, 52.61 and 52.83 g/BWkg0.75/d, respectively) and OMI (46.40, 49.30 and 49.74 g/BWkg0.75/d, respectively) were not significantly different between T2, T3 and T4, but all were significantly (P<0.05) higher than T1 (41.56 and 38.47 g/BWkg0.75/d, respectively). Apparent digestibility of DM and OM were lowest in T1 (43.63 and 48.03%, respectively),followed by T2 (51.86 and 55.29%, respectively), and T3 (55.48 and 59.07%, respectively) and highest in T4 (62.91 and66.23%, respectively). Higher rumen NH3-N and BUN levels were found in the T1 (7.14 and 15.74 mg/dl, respectively)compared to the other treatments, while rumen pH and blood glucose levels were within normal range. Under the conditions of this study, different levels of sago palm pith as a supplementary energy source resulted in a positive effect on nutrient utilization of Thai native cattle

Effects of dietary inclusion of palm kernel cake on nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial populations of goats fed Paspalum plicatulum hay-based die

Abstract To investigate the effects of inclusion of palm kernel cake (PKC) in the diets on intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, nitrogen balance and microbial N supply, five goats (initial BW = 20±1 kg) were randomly assigned to a 55 Latin square design to receive five diets, T 1 = concentrate with 15% PKC, T 2 = 25% PKC, T 3 = 35% PKC, T 4 = 45% PKC and T 5 = 55% PKC, of dietary dry matter, respectively. Plicatulum hay was offered ad libitum as the roughage. A metabolism trial lasted for 21 days during which live weight changes and feed intakes were measured. Based on this experiment, there were no significant differences (p&gt;0.05) among treatment groups regarding dry matter (DM) intake and digestion coefficients of DM, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber, except in T 4 and T 5 (45 and 55% PKC) which had lower (p&lt;0.01) than other treatments. Rumen parameters: temperature, pH, NH 3 -N, blood urea nitrogen and blood glucose, packed cell volume, volatile fatty acids, rumen microorganism populations and N retention were similar among treatments (p&gt;0.05), however the concentration of total volatile fatty acids and protozoal populations were slightly lower for goats fed inclusion of 45-55% PKC as compared with other treatments. Based on this experiment, it could be concluded that the optimal level of PKC in concentrate should be 15-35% for goats fed with plicatulum hay and that it may be an effective means of exploiting the use of local feed resources for goat production

Effects of palm oil sludge in concentrate on nutrient utilization and rumen ecology of thai native cattle fed with hay

This experiment aimed to study the effects of palm oil sludge (POS) in concentrate on nutrient utilization and rumenecology of Thai native cattle. Five ruminally fistulated Thai native bulls with average live weight of 361.80±15.74 kg werearranged according to 5x5 Latin square design. The cattle were fed with Plicatulum hay ad libitum and supplemented withconcentrate containing 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% POS at 1.5 %BW. A metabolism trial lasted for 22 days, with the first 16 daysan adaptation period and the last 6 days the sample collection period. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) amongtreatments regarding hay and concentrate intake. Digestibility coefficient of DM, OM and ADF of all treatments were notsignificantly different (p>0.05) while CP digestibility coefficient was significantly lower (P0.05) whereas ruminal NH3-N concentration of cattle fed 0 and 20% POS were higher (p0.05) while the proportion of C4 of cattle fed 0% POS was higher (p0.05) while, BUN concentrationof cattle fed 40% POS was significantly lower (p<0.01) than those of cattle fed 0, 10, 20 and 30% POS. These results indicatethat the optimum level of POS in concentrate for Thai native cattle fed Plicalum hay as a roughage source should not exceed30%

Effect of supplementary glycerin on milk composition and heat stability in dairy goats

Objective This experiment was studied the effects of various levels of crude glycerin (CG) in dairy goat diet on daily intake, milk yield, milk composition, some physical properties and some quality changes of goat milk after sterilization. Methods Twelve 75% Saanen dairy goats (body weight = 49±3 kg; days in milk = 60±12 d) were randomly assigned in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of three experimental diets consisting of 0%, 5%, and 10% CG (dry matter basis) which were formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements of goats. Experimental dairy goats were evaluated for feed and milk yield. Milk samples were analyzed for their composition, including fatty acids, casein profile, fat globule size, and color, and were sterilized to evaluate milk heat stability. Results There were no significant differences between 0% and 5% CG treatments infeed. Increasing CG supplementation from 0% to 5% increased milk yield from 2.38±0.12 to 2.64±0.23 kg/goat/d. In addition, milk samples from 5% CG treatment had the highest total solids, fat content and lactose content, and largest fat globule size. Increasing CG to 10% resulted in a decrease in milk fat. After sterilizing at 116°C, F0 = 3 min, goat milk samples from 5% CG treatment had slightly higher sediment content and comparatively higher degree of browning. Conclusion Considering milk yield, milk fat content and quality of sterilized milk, 5% CG supplementation in a total mixed ration has a potential for implementation in dairy goats

Effect of levels of urea and cassava chip on feed intake, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and microbial populations in growing goats

The study was conducted to assess effect of levels of urea and cassava chip (CC) on feed intake, rumen ecology, blood metabolites and microbial populations. Four, Thai Native X Anglo Nubian crossbred growing male goats with an average liveweight 19.0+1 kg were randomly assigned according to a 4x4 Latin square design to receive one of four diets: T1=urea at 0 % (CC=30%), T2=urea at 1% (CC=40%), T3=urea at 2% (CC = 50%) and T4=urea at 3%(CC=60%), of DM basis, respectively. Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) was offered on an ad lib basis. The results revealed that total DM intake (%BW and g/kg W0.75) and BW change were similar among treatments (p>0.05). Likewise, rumen pH, BUN, blood glucose, PCV and microbial populations were similar among treatments (p>0.05), while NH3-N increased as the urea level increased and were found highest (p<0.05) in T4 at 12.8 mg/dL. Based on this experiment, it can be concluded that a higher level of urea (3%) could be used with a high level of CC in concentrate and it was good approach in exploiting the use of local feed resources for goat production

Effects of fungal () treated oil palm frond on performance and carcass characteristics in finishing goats

Objective This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of fungal treated oil palm fronds (FTOPF) on performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and muscle chemical composition. Methods Eighteen growing crossbred male goats (Thai Native×Anglo Nubian) with 18.7±2.0 kg of initial body weight (BW) were stratified and blocked by BW in a randomized complete block design. Three diets containing 30% of oil palm fronds (OPF) either untreated (UOPF) or treated with Lentinussajor-caju (FTOPF) with or without urea (FTOPFU) were used as roughage sources in total mixed rations (TMRs). The diets were offered ad libitum and weight gain was determined. At the end of the experimental period, the harvest data and carcass characteristics of the goats were recorded, and muscular longissimus dorsi composition was determined. Results No significant effect of fungal treated (FT) inclusion was observed in any of the feed intake, growth performance, and carcass characteristics. Likewise, no apparent effects on carcass composition and muscle chemical composition were detected in this study, except for hind leg and chump were affected (p<0.05) by FT inclusion. Conclusion In conclusion, feeding of fungal (Lentinussajor-caju) treated oil palm frond in TMR diet did not affect performance and carcass characteristics in finishing goats