Placental inositol reduced in gestational diabetes as glucose alters inositol transporters and IMPA1 enzyme expression

ContextPerturbed inositol physiology in insulin-resistant conditions has led to proposals of inositol supplementation for gestational diabetes (GDM) prevention, but placental inositol biology is poorly understood.ObjectiveInvestigate associations of maternal glycemia with placental inositol content, determine glucose effects on placental expression of inositol enzymes and transporters, and examine relations with birthweight.Design and ParticipantsCase-control study of placentae from term singleton pregnancies (GDM n = 24, non-GDM n = 26), and culture of another 9 placentae in different concentrations of glucose and myo-inositol for 48 hours.Main Outcome MeasuresPlacental inositol was quantified by the Megazyme assay. Relative expression of enzymes involved in myo-inositol metabolism and plasma membrane inositol transport was determined by quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Linear regression analyses were adjusted for maternal age, body mass index, ethnicity, gestational age, and sex.ResultsPlacental inositol content was 17% lower in GDM compared with non-GDM. Higher maternal mid-gestation glycemia were associated with lower placental inositol. Increasing fasting glycemia was associated with lower protein levels of the myo-inositol synthesis enzyme, IMPA1, and the inositol transporters, SLC5A11 and SLC2A13, the expression of which also correlated with placental inositol content. In vitro, higher glucose concentrations reduced IMPA1 and SLC5A11 mRNA expression. Increasing fasting glycemia positively associated with customized birthweight percentile as expected in cases with low placental inositol, but this association was attenuated with high placental inositol.ConclusionGlycemia-induced dysregulation of placental inositol synthesis and transport may be implicated in reduced placental inositol content in GDM, and this may in turn be permissive to accelerated fetal growth

Myo-inositol alters C-labelled fatty acid metabolism in human placental explants

We postulate that myo-inositol, a proposed intervention for gestational-diabetes, affects transplacental lipid supply to the fetus. We investigated the effect of myo-inositol on fatty-acid processing in human placental-explants from uncomplicated pregnancies. Explants were incubated with 13C-labeled palmitic-acid, 13C-oleic-acid and 13C-docosahexaenoic-acid across a range of myo-inositol concentrations for 24 h and 48 h. The incorporation of labeled-fatty-acids into individual lipids was quantified by liquid-chromatography-mass-spectrometry. At 24 h, myo-inositol increased the amount of 13C-palmitic-acid and 13C-oleic-acid labeled lipids (median fold-change relative to control=1). Significant effects were seen with 30 µM myo-inositol (physiological) for 13C-palmitic-acid-lysophosphatidylcholines (1.26) and 13C-palmitic-acid-phosphatidylethanolamines (1.17). At 48 h, myo-inositol addition increased 13C-oleic-acid-lipids but decreased 13C-palmitic-acid and 13C-docosahexaenoic-acid lipids. Significant effects were seen with 30 µM myo-inositol for 13C-oleic-acid-phosphatidylcholines (1.25), 13C-oleic-acid-phosphatidylethanolamines (1.37) and 13C-oleic-acid-triacylglycerols (1.32) and with 100 µM myo-inositol for 13C-docosahexaenoic-acid-triacylglycerols (0.78). Lipids labeled with the same 13C-fatty-acid showed similar responses when tested at the same time-point, suggesting myo-inositol alters upstream processes such as fatty-acid uptake or activation. Myo-inositol supplementation may alter placental lipid physiology with unknown clinical consequences

Metabolism of C-13-Labeled Fatty Acids in Term Human Placental Explants by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

10.1210/en.2018-01020ENDOCRINOLOGY16061394-140

Metabolism of 13C-labeled fatty acids in term human placental explants by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry

Placental lipid transport and metabolism is poorly understood despite its importance for fetal development and life-long health. We aimed to explore fatty acid (FA) processing in human villous placental explants from seven uncomplicated term singleton pregnancies delivered by elective cesarean section. Explants were treated with stable-isotope labeled palmitic acid (13C-PA), oleic acid (13C-OA) or docosahexaenoic acid (13C-DHA) for 3, 24 or 48 hours. Stable isotope labeled lipids synthesised by placental explants from labelled FA were quantified, alongside endogenous unlabeled placental lipids, by liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry. Labeled phosphatidylcholines (PC), triacylglycerols (TAG), and phosphatidylethanolamines were detected in explants, whilst labeled lysophosphatidylcholines were found in both explants and conditioned-media. 13C-PA was primarily directed into PC synthesis (74% of 13C-PA-labeled lipids), while 13C-OA was directed almost equally into PC and TAG synthesis (45% and 53%, respectively, of 13C-OA-labeled lipids). 13C-DHA was only detectable in TAGs. TAGs demonstrated the highest isotopic enrichment for all 13C-FAs with 13C-OA-TAGs comprising &gt;50% of total OA-TAGs (unlabelled and labeled); consistent with TAGs being a labile and accessible reservoir for FA storage. Variations in lipid incorporation were correlated to maternal glycemia and BMI suggesting that this experimental model could be used to investigate the effect of maternal factors on placental lipid metabolism. We conclude that lipid metabolic partitioning of freshly-imported FAs into labile and less labile lipid reservoirs in placenta is FA-dependent. This process may partly mediate the physiological preferential transplacental transfer of particular FAs to the fetus, but may also be implicated in the fetoplacental pathophysiology of maternal metabolic dysfunction.</p

Placental 13C-DHA metabolism and relationship with maternal BMI, glycemia and birthweight

Background: fetal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supply relies on preferential transplacental transfer, which is regulated by placental DHA lipid metabolism. Maternal hyperglycemia and obesity associate with higher birthweight and fetal DHA insufficiency but the role of placental DHA metabolism is unclear.Methods: explants from 17 term placenta were incubated with 13C-labeled DHA for 48h, at 5 or 10 mmol/L glucose treatment, and the production of seventeen individual newly synthesized 13C-DHA labeled lipids quantified by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Results: maternal BMI positively associated with 13C-DHA-labeled diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, lysophospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogens, while maternal fasting glycemia positively associated with five 13C-DHA triacylglycerols. In turn, 13C-DHA-labeled phospholipids and triacylglycerols positively associated with birthweight centile. In-vitro glucose treatment increased most 13C-DHA-lipids, but decreased 13C-DHA phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogens. However, with increasing maternal BMI, the magnitude of the glucose treatment induced increase in 13C-DHA phosphatidylcholine and 13C-DHA lysophospholipids was curtailed, with further decline in 13C-DHA phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogens. Conversely, with increasing birthweight centile glucose treatment induced increases in 13C-DHA triacylglycerols were exaggerated, while glucose treatment induced decreases in 13C-DHA phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogens were diminished.Conclusions: maternal BMI and glycemia increased the production of different placental DHA lipids implying impact on different metabolic pathways. Glucose-induced elevation in placental DHA metabolism is moderated with higher maternal BMI. In turn, findings of associations between many DHA lipids with birthweight suggest that BMI and glycemia promote fetal growth partly through changes in placental DHA metabolism. <br/

Sex-dependent regulation of placental oleic acid and palmitic acid metabolism by maternal glycemia and associations with birthweight.

Pregnancy complications such as maternal hyperglycemia increase perinatal mortality and morbidity, but risks are higher in males than in females. We hypothesized that fetal sex-dependent differences in placental palmitic-acid (PA) and oleic-acid (OA) metabolism influence such risks. Placental explants (n = 22) were incubated with isotope-labeled fatty acids ( 13C-PA or 13C-OA) for 24 or 48 h and the production of forty-seven 13C-PA lipids and thirty-seven 13C-OA lipids quantified by LCMS. Linear regression was used to investigate associations between maternal glycemia, BMI and fetal sex with 13C lipids, and between 13C lipids and birthweight centile. Placental explants from females showed greater incorporation of 13C-OA and 13C-PA into almost all lipids compared to males. Fetal sex also influenced relationships with maternal glycemia, with many 13C-OA and 13C-PA acylcarnitines, 13C-PA-diacylglycerols and 13C-PA phospholipids positively associated with glycemia in females but not in males. In contrast, several 13C-OA triacylglycerols and 13C-OA phospholipids were negatively associated with glycemia in males but not in females. Birthweight centile in females was positively associated with six 13C-PA and three 13C-OA lipids (mainly acylcarnitines) and was negatively associated with eight 13C-OA lipids, while males showed few associations. Fetal sex thus influences placental lipid metabolism and could be a key modulator of the impact of maternal metabolic health on perinatal outcomes, potentially contributing toward sex-specific adaptions in which females prioritize survival. </p

Myo-inositol moderates glucose-induced effects on human placental ¹³C-arachidonic acid metabolism

Maternal hyperglycemia is associated with disrupted transplacental arachidonic acid (AA) supply and eicosanoid synthesis, which contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Since placental inositol is lowered with increasing glycemia, and since myo-inositol appears a promising intervention for gestational diabetes, we hypothesized that myo-inositol might rectify glucose-induced perturbations in placental AA metabolism. Term placental explants (n = 19) from women who underwent a mid-gestation oral glucose-tolerance-test were cultured with 13C-AA for 48 h in media containing glucose (5, 10 or 17 mM) and myo-inositol (0.3 or 60 µM). Newly synthesized 13C-AA-lipids were quantified by liquid-chromatography-mass-spectrometry. Increasing maternal fasting glycemia was associated with decreased proportions of 13C-AA-phosphatidyl-ethanolamines (PE, PE-P), but increased proportions of 13C-AA-triacylglycerides (TGs) relative to total placental 13C-AA lipids. This suggests altered placental AA compartmentalization towards storage and away from pools utilized for eicosanoid production and fetal AA supply. Compared to controls (5 mM glucose), 10 mM glucose treatment decreased the amount of four 13C-AA-phospholipids and eleven 13C-AA-TGs, whilst 17 mM glucose increased 13C-AA-PC-40:8 and 13C-AA-LPC. Glucose-induced alterations in all 13C-AA lipids (except PE-P-38:4) were attenuated by concurrent 60 µM myo-inositol treatment. Myo-inositol therefore rectifies some glucose-induced effects, but further studies are required to determine if maternal myo-inositol supplementation could reduce AA-associated pregnancy complications. </p

Myo-inositol moderates maternal BMI and glycemia related variations in in-vitro placental C-13-DHA-metabolism, altering their relationships with birthweight

Transplacental docosahexaenoic-acid (DHA) supply for fetal development is regulated by placental DHA-lipid metabolism. Both maternal diabetes and obesity are linked to possible decreased fetal circulating DHA and increased placental DHA-lipids. Since myo-inositol is a promising intervention for gestational diabetes (GDM), we aimed to determine whether myo-inositol could rectify perturbations in placental DHA metabolism associated with maternal increasing glycemia and obesity and examine links with birthweight. Term placental villous explants from 17 women representing a range of BMIs and mid-gestational glycemia, were incubated with 13C-labeled-DHA for 48 h, in 0.3 µmol/L (control) or 60 µmol/L myo-inositol. Individual newly synthesized 13C-DHA-labeled lipid species were quantified by liquid-chromatography-mass-spectrometry. Compared with controls, incubation with myo-inositol decreased most 13C-DHA-lipids in placental explants from women with higher BMI or higher glycemia, but increased 13C-DHA-lipids with normal BMI or lower glycemia. Myo-inositol also increased 13C-DHA-labeled lipids in cases of lower birthweight centile, but induced decreases at higher centiles. Myo-inositol therefore lowered DHA-lipids in placenta with high basal placental DHA-lipid production (higher BMI and glycemia) but increased DHA-lipids where basal processing capacity is low. Myo-inositol thus moderates placental DHA metabolism towards a physiological mean which may in turn moderate birthweight.</p

Increasing maternal age associates with lower placental CPT1B mRNA expression and acylcarnitines, particularly in overweight women

Older pregnant women have increased risks of complications including gestational diabetes and stillbirth. Carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) expression declines with age in several tissues and is linked with poorer metabolic health. Mitochondrial CPTs catalyze acylcarnitine synthesis, which facilitates fatty acid oxidization as fuel. We hypothesized that the placenta, containing maternally-inherited mitochondria, shows an age-related CPT decline that lowers placental acylcarnitine synthesis, increasing vulnerability to pregnancy complications. We assessed CPT1A, CPT1B, CPT1C and CPT2 mRNA expression by qPCR in 77 placentas and quantified 10 medium and long-chain acylcarnitines by LC-MS/MS in a subset of 50 placentas. Older maternal age associated with lower expression of placental CPT1B, but not CPT1A, CPT1C or CPT2. CPT1B expression positively associated with eight acylcarnitines and CPT1C with three acylcarnitines, CPT1A negatively associated with nine acylcarnitines, while CPT2 did not associate with any acylcarnitine. Older maternal age associated with reductions in five acylcarnitines, only in those with BMI≥ 25 kg/m2, and not after adjusting for CPT1B expression. Our findings suggest that CPT1B is the main transferase for placental long-chain acylcarnitine synthesis, and age-related CPT1B decline may underlie decreased placental metabolic flexibility, potentially contributing to pregnancy complications in older women, particularly if they are overweight