Non-linear spectroscopy of rubidium: An undergraduate experiment

In this paper, we describe two complementary non-linear spectroscopy methods which both allow to achieve Doppler-free spectra of atomic gases. First, saturated absorption spectroscopy is used to investigate the structure of the $5{\rm S}_{1/2}\to 5{\rm P}_{3/2}$ transition in rubidium. Using a slightly modified experimental setup, Doppler-free two-photon absorption spectroscopy is then performed on the $5{\rm S}_{1/2}\to 5{\rm D}_{5/2}$ transition in rubidium, leading to accurate measurements of the hyperfine structure of the $5{\rm D}_{5/2}$ energy level. In addition, electric dipole selection rules of the two-photon transition are investigated, first by modifying the polarization of the excitation laser, and then by measuring two-photon absorption spectra when a magnetic field is applied close to the rubidium vapor. All experiments are performed with the same grating-feedback laser diode, providing an opportunity to compare different high resolution spectroscopy methods using a single experimental setup. Such experiments may acquaint students with quantum mechanics selection rules, atomic spectra and Zeeman effect.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figure

Le service des vivres dans les armées du première empire (1804-1815)

Pigeard A. Le service des vivres dans les armées du première empire (1804-1815). In: Annales historiques de la Révolution française, n°303, 1996. pp. 144-147

La Révolution française entre histoire et politique. Mouvement populaire et pouvoir révolutionnaire dans l'élaboration de l'historiographie de gauche, russe et française, de la Révolution française

Pigeard A. La Révolution française entre histoire et politique. Mouvement populaire et pouvoir révolutionnaire dans l'élaboration de l'historiographie de gauche, russe et française, de la Révolution française. In: Annales historiques de la Révolution française, n°303, 1996. pp. 139-143