Detection of G12 Human Rotaviruses in Nepal

Of 731 stool specimens collected from children with diarrhea in Kathmandu, Nepal, from August 2004 through July 2005, 170 (23.3%) tested positive for rotavirus. Reverse transcription–PCR, including a revised G12-specific primer set, identified 56 (32.9%) as G2P[4] and 39 (23.0%) as G12 with P[6], P[8], or P[4]

Increased prevalence of rotavirus among children associated gastroenteritis in Riyadh Saudi Arabia

The aim of this study is to assess the epidemiology along with the molecular structure of rotavirus causing pediatric diarrhea among Saudi patients. However, in this report we sited the epidemiological reflect coming from our project

EVALUATION OF ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. AGAINST THE YEAST OF THE SPECIES Candida albicans

Os produtos oriundos de plantas medicinais com propriedades antifúngicas tem se destacado. A disponibilidade de antifúngicos atualmente utilizados na clínica é relativamente pequena, sendo muitas vezes ineficiente e com toxicidade elevada. A Candida albicans é uma levedura que está presente normalmente na microbiota humana. No entanto, quando a imunidade baixa ou após o uso de certos medicamentos, ela pode-se tornar patogênica e causar infecções ao hospedeiro. Diante deste contexto, o presente trabalho visou avaliar “in vitro” o óleo essencial de Baccharis dracunculifolia frente à cepa da espécie Candida albicans. O óleo foi extraído das folhas secas de B. dracunculifolia através do método de hidrodestilação, em aparelho de Clevenger, durante 7 horas, e apresentou  rendimento de 0,5%. O ensaio antifúngico foi realizado através do teste de difusão em disco e então testado em diferentes concentrações variando de 0,29 a 10 mg. O óleo apresentou atividade antifúngica em uma Concentração Inibitória Mínima de 10 mg. Pode-se concluir que o óleo essencial de Baccharis dracunculifolia possui boa atividade antifúngica, o que pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de novos fármacos contra leveduras da espécie Candida albicans

Avaliação da atividade antibacteriana do óleo essencial de Rosmarinus officinalis L. e tintura de própolis frente à bactéria causadora da acne Propionibacterium acnes

A acne é uma doença de pele extremamente comum. Sua patogênese é multifatorial, incluindo hiperqueratinização folicular, hiperplasia sebácea, hipercolonização bacteriana. A Propionibacterium acnes possui um papel relevante na resposta inflamatória da patogênese da acne. Os antibióticos representam uma das classes de medicamentos utilizadas no tratamento da acne. No entanto, as reações adversas causadas por esses fármacos tornam o tratamento desagradável, além de casos relatados de resistência bacteriana. Por esse motivo, o uso de produtos naturais tem sido destaque na área de dermatologia. O presente trabalho visou avaliar "in vitro" os possíveis efeitos antimicrobianos do óleo essencial de Rosmarinus officinalis e da tintura de própolis sobre cepa de Propionibacterium acnes (ATCC 1969). O óleo essencial foi extraído pela técnica de hidrodestilação e obteve-se a tintura de própolis por maceração. O ensaio antimicrobiano foi realizado pela técnica da diluição em tubos. O óleo foi testado em diferentes concentrações, variando de 16% a 0,0625% e a tintura de 10% a 0,072312%. Pode-se verificar que o óleo essencial de Rosmarinus officinalis L. não apresentou atividade antibacteriana contra a cepa de Propionibacterium acnes. A tintura de própolis teve ação em várias concentrações, sendo a concentração inibitória mínima de 0,625%

Group A rotavirus genotypes and the ongoing Brazilian experience: a review

Brazil was the first Latin American country to introduce universal group A rotavirus (RV-A) vaccination in March 2006, resulting in a unique epidemiological scenario. Since RV-A first identification in Brazil, 2,691 RV-A-positive stool samples, collected between 1982- 2007, were typed by independent research groups throughout the country. In the pre-vaccination era, 2,492 RV-A-positive samples collected from 1982-2005 were successfully typed, while 199 samples were analyzed from 2006-2007. According to the reviewed studies, there were two important times in the pre-vaccination era: (i) the period from 1982-1995, during which the detection of G5P[8] RV-A, in addition to the classical genotypes G1-4, challenged vaccine development programs; and (ii) the period from 1996-2005, during which genotype G9P[8] emerged, following a global trend. The rate of G2P[4] RV-A detection decreased from 26% (173/653) during 1982-1995 to 2% (43/1,839) during 1996-2005. The overall detection rate of RV-A genotypes from 1982-2005 was as follows: 43% (n = 1,079) G1P[8]/G1P[not typed (NT)]; 20% (n = 488) G9P[8]/G9P[NT]; 9% (n = 216) G2P[4]/G2P[NT]; 6% (n = 151) G3P[8]/G3P[NT]; 4% (n = 103) G4P[8]/G4P[NT]; and 4% (n = 94) G5P[8]/G5P[NT]. Mixed infections accounted for 189 (7%) of the positive samples, while atypical G/P combinations or other genotypes, including G6, G8, G10 and G12, were identified in 172 (7%) samples. The initial surveillance studies carried out in several Brazilian states with RV-A-positive samples collected in 2006 and 2007 show a predominance of G2P[4] strains (148/199 or 74%). Herein, we review RV-A typing studies carried out since the 1980s in Brazil, highlighting the dynamics of RV-A strain circulation profiles before and early after universal use of RV-A vaccine in Brazil

Burden and typing of rotavirus group A in Latin America and the Caribbean: systematic review and meta-analysis

The study was supported by GlaxoSmithKline.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Belém, PA, Brasil.INEI-ANLIS Dr. Carlos G. Malbran. Departamento de Virologia. Laboratorio de Gastroenteritis Virales. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy. Instituto de Efectividad Clı´nica y Sanitaria. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria. Buenos Aires, Argentina.Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria. Buenos Aires, Argentina.GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.The efficacy of licensed rotavirus vaccines has only been shown against certain rotavirus group A (RV-A) types. It is critical to understand the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) and its prevalent types to assess the potential impact of these vaccines in Latin America and the Caribbean (LA&C). We performed a systematic review and meta-analyses of all the available evidence reported from 1990 to 2009 on the burden of rotavirus disease and strains circulating in LA&C. Eligible studies--185 country-level reports, 174 951 faecal samples--were selected from MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, LILACS, regional Ministries of Health, PAHO, regional proceedings, doctoral theses, reference lists of included studies and consulting experts. Arc-sine transformations and DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model were used for meta-analyses. The proportion of gastroenteritis cases due to rotavirus was 24.3% (95%CI 22.3-26.4) and the incidence of RVGE was 170 per 1000 children-years (95%CI 130-210). We estimated a global annual mortality for 22 countries of 88.2 (95%CI 79.3-97.1) deaths per 100 000 under 5 years (47 000 deaths).The most common G type detected was G1 (34.2%), followed by G9 (14.6%), and G2 (14.4%). The most common P types detected were P[8] (56.2%), P[4] (22.1%) and P[1] 5.4%, and the most prevalent P-G type associations were P[8]G1 17.9%, P[4]G2 9.1% and P[8]G9 8.8%. In the last 10 years, G9 circulation increased remarkably and G5 almost disappeared. More recently, G12 appeared and P[4]G2 re-emerged. To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis of rotavirus infection and burden of disease in LA&C