929 research outputs found
Modification of Proton Velocity Distributions by Alfvenic Turbulence in the Solar Wind
In the present paper, the proton velocity distribution function (VDF)in the
solar wind is determined by solving numerically the kinetic evolution equation.
We compare the results obtained when considering the effects of ex- ternal
forces and Coulomb collisions with those obtained by adding effects of Alfven
wave turbulence. We use Fokker-Planck diffusion terms due to Alfvenic
turbulence, which take into account observed turbulence spectra and kinetic
effects of finite proton gyroradius. Assuming a displaced Maxwellian for the
proton VDF at the simulation boundary at 14 solar radii, we show that the
turbulence leads to a fast (within several solar radii) development of the
anti-sunward tail in the proton VDF. Our results provide a natural explanation
for the nonthermal tails in the proton VDFs, which are often observed in-situ
in the solar wind beyond 0.3 AU
Capital Market Frictions and the Business Cycle
We augment a RBC model with capital and labor market frictions. We follow the approach of Wasmer and Weil (2004) which model market imperfections as search processes : firms must sequentially find a match with a bank first and then with a worker in order to start production. We show that the interactions between labor and capital market frictions may generate a financial accelerator or decelerator, depending on a parameter condition. We compare our model with US National Accounts data and with the empirical findings of Dell’Ariccia and Garibaldi (2005) : we find that the financial accelerator as well as real wage rigidities help in improving the statistical propqerties of the model
Search in the Product Market and the Real Business Cycle
Empirical evidence suggests that most firms operate in imperfectly competitivemarkets. We develop a search-matching model between wholesalers and retailers. Firms face search costs and form long-term relationships. Price bargain results in both wholesaler and retailer markups, depending on firms’ relative bargaining power. We simulate the model to explore the role of product market search frictions in business cycles. We show that the way search costs are modelled is crucial to provide a realistic picture of firms’ business environment and improve the cyclical properties of an otherwise standard real business cycle model.Business cycle, Frictions, Product market, Price bargain
Dynamics of Megaelectron Volt Electrons Observed in the Inner Belt by PROBA-V/EPT
Using the observations of the EPT (Energetic Particle Telescope) onboard the
satellite PROBA-V we study the dynamics of inner and outer belt electrons from
500 keV to 8 MeV during quiet periods and geomagnetic storms. This high
time-resolution (2 sec) spectrometer operating at the altitude of 820 km on a
low polar orbit is providing continuously valuable electrons fluxes for already
5 years. We emphasize especially that some MeV electrons are observed in low
quantities in the inner belt, even during periods when they are not observed by
Van Allen Probe (VAP). We show that they are not due to proton contamination
but to clear injections of particles from the outer belt during strong
geomagnetic storms of March and June 2015, and September 2017. Electrons with
lower energy are injected also during less strong storms and the L-shell of the
electron flux peak in the outer belt shifts inward with a high dependence on
the electron energy. With the new high resolution EPT instrument, we can study
the dynamics of relativistic electrons, including MeV electrons in the inner
radiation belt, revealing how and when such electrons are injected into the
inner belt and how long they reside there before being scattered into the
Earth's atmosphere or lost by other mechanisms
The European Labour Markets - Aggregate Unemployment and Relative Wage Rigidities
Konjunkturelle Arbeitslosigkeit, Lohnrigidität, Vereinigte Staaten, EU-Staaten, Vergleich, Cyclical unemployment, Wage rigidity, United States, EU countries, Comparison
Search in the product market and the real business cycle
We develop a search-matching model, where firms search for customers (e.g. in form of advertising). Firms use long-term contracts and bargain over prices, resulting in a price mark up above marginal cost, which is pro- cyclical and depends on firms’ relative bargaining power. Product market frictions decrease the steady state equilibrium, improve the cyclical properties of the model and provide a more realistic picture of firms’ business environment. This suggests that product market frictions may well be crucial in explaining business cycle fluctuations. Finally, we also show that welfare costs of price rigidities are negligible relative to welfare costs of frictions. JEL Classification: E10, E31, E32business cycle, Frictions, Price bargain, product market
Low-Skilled Unemployment, Biased Technological Shocks and Job Competition
The unempoyment rise in Eu countries has been particularly strong for low-skilled workers. This observation has often been explained in terms of biased technical change and relative wage rigidities. More attention has been paid recently to an alternative mechanism, the crowding-out of low-skiled workers by over-qualified workers. The objective of this paper is both methodological and empirical. We construct a dynamic general equilibrium model with two types of jobs and two types of workers and with search unemployment. The model is calibrated and simulated to examine the interactions between the “skill bias” and “crowding-out” mechanisms. When such interactions are accounted for, the model reproduces quite well the observed unemployment changes.skill bias; equilibrium search unemployment; ladder effect; crowding out; overeducation
Demography, capital flows and unemployment
This paper contributes to the already vast literature on demography-induced international capital flows by examining the role of labor market imperfections and institutions. We setup a two-country overlapping generations model with search unemployment, which we calibrate on EU15 and US data. Labor market imperfections are found to significantly increase the volume of capital flows, because of stronger employment adjustments in comparison with a competitive economy. We next exploit themodel to investigate how demographic asymmetriesmay have contributed to unemployment and welfare changes in the recent past (1950-2010). We show that a policy reform in one country also has an impact on labor markets in other countries when capital is mobile.demographics; capital flows; overlapping generations; general equilibrium; unemployment
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