Combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolite data reveals extensive differences between black and brown nearly-isogenic soybean (Glycine max) seed coats enabling the identification of pigment isogenes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The <it>R </it>locus controls the color of pigmented soybean (<it>Glycine max</it>) seeds. However information about its control over seed coat biochemistry and gene expressions remains limited. The seed coats of nearly-isogenic black (<it>iRT</it>) and brown (<it>irT</it>) soybean (<it>Glycine max</it>) were known to differ by the presence or absence of anthocyanins, respectively, with genes for only a single enzyme (anthocyanidin synthase) found to be differentially expressed between isolines. We recently identified and characterized a UDP-glycose:flavonoid-3-<it>O</it>-glycosyltransferase (<it>UGT78K1</it>) from the seed coat of black (<it>iRT</it>) soybean with the aim to engineer seed coat color by suppression of an anthocyanin-specific gene. However, it remained to be investigated whether <it>UGT78K1 </it>was overexpressed with anthocyanin biosynthesis in the black (<it>iRT</it>) seed coat compared to the nearly-isogenic brown (<it>irT</it>) tissue.</p> <p>In this study, we performed a combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolite data to elucidate the control of the R locus over seed coat biochemistry and to identify pigment biosynthesis genes. Two differentially expressed late-stage anthocyanin biosynthesis isogenes were further characterized, as they may serve as useful targets for the manipulation of soybean grain color while minimizing the potential for unintended effects on the plant system.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Metabolite composition differences were found to not be limited to anthocyanins, with specific proanthocyanidins, isoflavones, and phenylpropanoids present exclusively in the black (<it>iRT</it>) or the brown (<it>irT</it>) seed coat. A global analysis of gene expressions identified <it>UGT78K1 </it>and 19 other anthocyanin, (iso)flavonoid, and phenylpropanoid isogenes to be differentially expressed between isolines. A combined analysis of metabolite and gene expression data enabled the assignment of putative functions to biosynthesis and transport isogenes. The recombinant enzymes of two genes were validated to catalyze late-stage steps in anthocyanin biosynthesis <it>in vitro </it>and expression profiles of the corresponding genes were shown to parallel anthocyanin biosynthesis during black (<it>iRT</it>) seed coat development.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Metabolite composition and gene expression differences between black (<it>iRT</it>) and brown (<it>irT</it>) seed coats are far more extensive than previously thought. Putative anthocyanin, proanthocyanidin, (iso)flavonoid, and phenylpropanoid isogenes were differentially-expressed between black (<it>iRT</it>) and brown (<it>irT</it>) seed coats, and <it>UGT78K2 </it>and <it>OMT5 </it>were validated to code UDP-glycose:flavonoid-3-<it>O</it>-glycosyltransferase and anthocyanin 3'-<it>O</it>-methyltransferase proteins <it>in vitro</it>, respectively. Duplicate gene copies for several enzymes were overexpressed in the black (<it>iRT</it>) seed coat suggesting more than one isogene may have to be silenced to engineer seed coat color using RNA interference.</p

Personalsystem und betriebliche Arbeitsbeziehungen in japanischen Grossunternehmen: Geschichte, Gestaltung, Perspektiven

Available from Bibliothek des Instituts fuer Weltwirtschaft, ZBW, Duesternbrook Weg 120, D-24105 Kiel Mb 778 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

In-Home Cold Brew Coffee Maker

Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages. According to Statista, over 166 million 60 kg bags of coffee were consumed in 2020/2021. In the coffee market, cold brew coffee is one of the biggest trends in coffee drinking today. Keurig Dr Pepper (KDP) markets the number one single serve coffee brewing system in the U.S. and would like to help bring cold brew coffee to home coffee brewers around the world. The challenges in home brewing cold brew coffee include getting the water to the correct temperature, the time it takes to make a good cold brew, and making this all happen on the consumer’s countertop. Students on the Keurig Dr Pepper team will design and develop a prototype coffee maker for the consumer at home market that consistently and with minimal variation brews cold brew coffee. The team will use thermofluids, control theory, material science, analytical chemistry skills, and more to deliver the functionality of precisely cooled water, to mix coffee concentrate with water, and to utilize nitrogen gas to produce a pleasing foamy top. Students will be working in a simulated R&D and product development environment using various industry standard practices to achieve these goals. Students will have the ability to taste their creations along the way and become experts in the fast growing field of cold brew coffee.NAhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/176718/1/Honors_Capstone_KeurigMDP_FinalReport_120922_-_Jedidiah_Pienkny.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/176718/2/Honors_Capstone_KeurigMDP_Poster_12082022_-_Jedidiah_Pienkny.pd