69 research outputs found
The effects of juvenile stress on anxiety, cognitive bias and decision making in adulthood:a rat model
Stress experienced in childhood is associated with an increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders in adulthood. These disorders are particularly characterized by disturbances to emotional and cognitive processes, which are not currently fully modeled in animals. Assays of cognitive bias have recently been used with animals to give an indication of their emotional/cognitive state. We used a cognitive bias test, alongside a traditional measure of anxiety (elevated plus maze), to investigate the effects of juvenile stress (JS) on adulthood behaviour using a rodent model. During the cognitive bias test, animals were trained to discriminate between two reward bowls based on a stimulus (rough/smooth sandpaper) encountered before they reached the bowls. One stimulus (e.g. rough) was associated with a lower value reward than the other (e.g. smooth). Once rats were trained, their cognitive bias was explored through the presentation of an ambiguous stimulus (intermediate grade sandpaper): a rat was classed as optimistic if it chose the bowl ordinarily associated with the high value reward. JS animals were lighter than controls, exhibited increased anxiety-like behaviour in the elevated plus maze and were more optimistic in the cognitive bias test. This increased optimism may represent an optimal foraging strategy for these underweight animals. JS animals were also faster than controls to make a decision when presented with an ambiguous stimulus, suggesting altered decision making. These results demonstrate that stress in the juvenile phase can increase anxiety-like behaviour and alter cognitive bias and decision making in adulthood in a rat model
Correlation between clinical performance and degree of conversion of resin cements: a literature review
Co-precipitation of M<inf>2</inf>B on ZrO<inf>2</inf> in a Ni-base superalloy with B & Zr additions
Polycrystalline superalloys are high-performance materials with complex microstructures often affected by micro-alloying elements B, C, or Zr added to control mechanical properties during manufacturing and in-service. This requires precise compositional control and makes increasing recycling rates challenging. One example is Zr in scrap used for making René 41. Zr is incorporated due to comparably higher concentration in Waspaloy commonly mixed with René 41 scrap. Increasing recycling rates therefore requires a detailed understanding of the impact of Zr on the microstructure of superalloys. High B and High B&Zr variants of the Ni-based superalloy René 41 are compared using analytical electron microscopy, focused ion beam, and transmission electron microscopy techniques. We show that morphology and dispersion of C16-M2B borides are affected by Zr. C16-M2B, TiC, (Ti,Zr)C, and γ′ Ni3(Al,Ti) co-precipitate on m-ZrO2. The lattice mismatch between C16-M2B and m-ZrO2 is mitigated with an (012)ZrO2 || (200)M2B orientation relationship allowing epitaxial growth. This demonstrates how the C16-M2B morphology and dispersion is affected by Zr additions in polycrystalline superalloys
The oxidation of serum sulph-hydryl groups by hydrogen peroxide secreted by stimulated phagocytic cells in rheumatoid arthritis
Effect of oltipraz on the susceptibility of adultSchistosoma mansoni to killing by mouse peritoneal exudate cells
Effect of Mean Airway Pressure on Bronchial Mucosal Blood Flow in Rabbits with Oleic Acid-induced Injury
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