2,153 research outputs found
Three-dimensional Analytical Description of Magnetised Winds from Oblique Pulsars
Rotating neutron stars, or pulsars, are plausibly the source of power behind
many astrophysical systems, such as gamma-ray bursts, supernovae, pulsar wind
nebulae and supernova remnants. In the past several years, 3D numerical
simulations made it possible to compute pulsar spindown luminosity from first
principles and revealed that oblique pulsar winds are more powerful than
aligned ones. However, what causes this enhanced power output of oblique
pulsars is not understood. In this work, using time-dependent 3D
magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and force-free simulations, we show that, contrary to
the standard paradigm, the open magnetic flux, which carries the energy away
from the pulsar, is laterally non-uniform. We argue that this non-uniformity is
the primary reason for the increased luminosity of oblique pulsars. To
demonstrate this, we construct simple analytic descriptions of aligned and
orthogonal pulsar winds and combine them to obtain an accurate 3D description
of the pulsar wind for any obliquity. Our approach describes both the warped
magnetospheric current sheet and the smooth variation of pulsar wind properties
outside of it. We find that generically the magnetospheric current sheet
separates plasmas that move at mildly relativistic velocities relative to each
other. This suggests that the magnetospheric reconnection is a type of driven,
rather than free, reconnection. The jump in magnetic field components across
the current sheet decreases with increasing obliquity, which could be a
mechanism that reduces dissipation in near-orthogonal pulsars. Our analytical
description of the pulsar wind can be used for constructing models of pulsar
gamma-ray emission, pulsar wind nebulae, and magnetar-powered core-collapse
gamma-ray bursts and supernovae.Comment: Submitted to MNRAS, comments welcome. 12 pages, 16 figures, uses
mn2e.cl
Ab-initio pulsar magnetosphere: three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of axisymmetric pulsars
We perform first-principles relativistic particle-in-cell simulations of
aligned pulsar magnetosphere. We allow free escape of particles from the
surface of a neutron star and continuously populate the magnetosphere with
neutral pair plasma to imitate pair production. As pair plasma supply
increases, we observe the transition from a charge-separated electrosphere
solution with trapped plasma and no spin-down to a solution close to the ideal
force-free magnetosphere with electromagnetically-dominated pulsar wind. We
calculate the magnetospheric structure, current distribution and spin-down
power of the neutron star. We also discuss particle acceleration in the
equatorial current sheet.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, published in ApJ Letter
Effects of synchrotron cooling and pair production on collisionless relativistic reconnection
High energy radiation from nonthermal particles accelerated in relativistic
magnetic reconnection is thought to be important in many astrophysical systems,
ranging from blazar jets and black hole accretion disk coronae to pulsars and
magnetar flares. The presence of a substantial density of high energy photons
(MeV) in these systems can make two-photon pair production () an additional source of plasma particles and can affect the radiative
properties of these objects. We present the results of novel particle-in-cell
simulations that track both the radiated synchrotron photons and the created
pairs, with which we study the evolution of a two-dimensional reconnecting
current sheet in pair plasma. Synchrotron radiation from accelerated particles
in the current sheet produces hot secondary pairs in the upstream which are
later advected into the current sheet where they are reaccelerated and produce
more photons. In the optically thin regime, when most of the radiation is
leaving the upstream unaffected, this process is self-regulating and depends
only on the background magnetic field and the optical depth of photons to pair
production. The extra plasma loading also affects the properties of
reconnection. We study how the inflow of the secondary plasma, with
multiplicities up to several hundred, reduces the effective magnetization of
the plasma, suppressing the acceleration and thus decreasing the high energy
photon spectrum cutoff. This offers an explanation for the weak dependence of
the observed gamma-ray cutoff in pulsars on the magnetic field at the light
cylinder.Comment: 22 pages, 15 figures, submitted to Ap
Ab-initio pulsar magnetosphere: the role of general relativity
It has recently been demonstrated that self-consistent particle-in-cell
simulations of low-obliquity pulsar magnetospheres in flat spacetime show weak
particle acceleration and no pair production near the poles. We investigate the
validity of this conclusion in a more realistic spacetime geometry via
general-relativistic particle-in-cell simulations of the aligned pulsar
magnetospheres with pair formation. We find that the addition of frame-dragging
effect makes local current density along the magnetic field larger than the
Goldreich-Julian value, which leads to unscreened parallel electric fields and
the ignition of a pair cascade. When pair production is active, we observe
field oscillations in the open field bundle which could be related to pulsar
radio emission. We conclude that general relativistic effects are essential for
the existence of pulsar mechanism in low obliquity rotators.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure, submitted to ApJLetter
Inclined Pulsar Magnetospheres in General Relativity: Polar Caps for the Dipole, Quadrudipole and Beyond
In the canonical model of a pulsar, rotational energy is transmitted through
the surrounding plasma via two electrical circuits, each connecting to the star
over a small region known as a "polar cap." For a dipole-magnetized star, the
polar caps coincide with the magnetic poles (hence the name), but in general,
they can occur at any place and take any shape. In light of their crucial
importance to most models of pulsar emission (from radio to X-ray to wind), we
develop a general technique for determining polar cap properties. We consider a
perfectly conducting star surrounded by a force-free magnetosphere and include
the effects of general relativity. Using a combined numerical-analytical
technique that leverages the rotation rate as a small parameter, we derive a
general analytic formula for the polar cap shape and charge-current
distribution as a function of the stellar mass, radius, rotation rate, moment
of inertia, and magnetic field. We present results for dipole and quadrudipole
fields (superposed dipole and quadrupole) inclined relative to the axis of
rotation. The inclined dipole polar cap results are the first to include
general relativity, and they confirm its essential role in the pulsar problem.
The quadrudipole pulsar illustrates the phenomenon of thin annular polar caps.
More generally, our method lays a foundation for detailed modeling of pulsar
emission with realistic magnetic fields.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures. v2: minor edits, matches published version.
Related videos available at https://youtu.be/M_ruTbM8YN
- …