Hepatitis C virus diversity and hepatic steatosis: HCV diversity and steatosis

International audienceHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is closely associated with lipid metabolism defects throughout the viral lifecycle, with hepatic steatosis frequently observed in patients with chronic HCV infection. Hepatic steatosis is most common in patients infected with genotype 3 viruses, possibly due to direct effects of genotype 3 viral proteins. Hepatic steatosis in patients infected with other genotypes is thought to be mostly due to changes in host metabolism, involving insulin resistance in particular. Specific effects of the HCV genotype 3 core protein have been observed in cellular models in vitro: mechanisms linked to a decrease in microsomal triglyceride transfer protein activity, decreases in the levels of peroxisome proliferator-activating receptors, increases in the levels of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, and phosphatase and tensin homologue downregulation. Functional differences between the core proteins of genotype 3 viruses and viruses of other genotypes may reflect differences in amino-acid sequences. However, bioclinical studies have failed to identify specific "steatogenic" sequences in HCV isolates from patients with hepatic steatosis. It is therefore difficult to distinguish between viral and metabolic steatosis unambiguously and host and viral factors are probably involved in both HCV genotype 3 and non-3 steatosis

Quantifying hepatic steatosis by electron microscopy.

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Nuclear lipid droplets identified by electron microscopy of serial sections.

International audienceBACKGROUND: Recent studies have suggested that nuclear lipid droplets (LDs) are organized into domains similar to those of cytoplasmic LDs. As cytoplasmic LDs are formed at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, which is structurally continuous with the nuclear envelope, it could be suggested however that nuclear LDs are cytoplamic LDs trapped within an invagination of the nuclear envelope. The resolution of fluorescence confocal microscopy is not sufficiently high to exclude this hypothesis. FINDINGS: We therefore addressed this question by electron microscopy (EM) of serial sections. In human liver tissue, we observed some cytoplamic LDs partly surrounded by the nuclear compartment, but we were also able to identify LDs residing in the nuclear compartment that were not connected to the nuclear envelope. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that nuclear LDs constitute specific subdomains of the nuclear compartment probably involved in nuclear lipid homeostasis

Virus de l'hépatite C et gouttelettes lipidiques

Hepatitis C virus and lipid droplet

Prospects for prophylactic hepatitis C vaccines based on virus-like particles.

International audienceGiven the global prevalence and long-term complications of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, HCV constitutes one of the greatest challenges to human health of this decade. Considerable efforts have focused on the development of new effective treatments, but about three to four million individuals become infected each year, adding to the world reservoir of HCV infection. The development of a prophylactic vaccine against hepatitis C virus has thus become an important medical priority. Only a few vaccine candidates have progressed to the clinical phase, and published data on both the efficacy and safety of these vaccines are limited, due to many scientific, logistic and bioethic challenges. Fortunately, new innovative vaccine formulations, modes of vaccination and delivery technologies have been developed in recent years. Several preclinical trials of virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccination strategies are currently underway and have already generated very promising results. In this commentary, we consider the current state of prophylactic HCV vaccines, the hurdles to be overcome in the future and the various VLP-based vaccination approaches currently being developed

The birth and life of lipid droplets: learning from the hepatitis C virus.: Lipid droplets in HCV infection

International audienceLDs (lipid droplets) are probably the least well-characterized cellular organelles. Having long been considered simple lipid storage depots, they are now considered to be dynamic organelles involved in many biological processes. However, most of the mechanisms driving LDs biogenesis, growth and intracellular movement remain largely unknown. As for other cellular mechanisms deciphered through the study of viral models, HCV (hepatitis C virus) is an original and relevant model for investigations of the birth and life of these organelles. Recent studies in this model have raised the hypothesis that the HCV core protein induces the redistribution of LDs through the regression and regeneration of these organelles in specific intracellular domains

Ultrastructural and biochemical analyses of hepatitis C virus-associated host cell membranes.

International audienceLike most other positive-strand RNA viruses, hepatitis C virus (HCV) induces changes in the host cell's membranes, resulting in a membranous web. The non-structural proteins of the viral replication complex are thought to be associated with these newly synthesized membranes. We studied this phenomenon, using a Huh7.5 cell clone displaying high levels of replication of a subgenomic replicon of the JFH-1 strain. Electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of these cells revealed the presence of numerous double membrane vesicles (DMVs), resembling those observed for other RNA viruses such as poliovirus and coronavirus. Some sections had more discrete multivesicular units consisting of circular concentric membranes organized into clusters surrounded by a wrapping membrane. These structures were highly specific to HCV as they were not detected in naive Huh7.5 cells. Preparations enriched in these structures were separated from other endoplasmic reticulum-derived membranes by cell cytoplasm homogenization and ultracentrifugation on a sucrose gradient. They were found to contain the non-structural NS3 and NS5A HCV proteins, HCV RNA and LC3-II, a specific marker of autophagic membranes. By analogy to other viral models, HCV may induce DMVs by activating the autophagy pathway. This could represent a strategy to conceal the viral RNA and help the virus to evade double-stranded RNA-triggered host antiviral responses. More detailed characterization of these virus-cell interactions may facilitate the development of new treatments active against HCV and other RNA viruses that are dependent on newly synthesized cellular membranes for replication

Hepatitis C virus budding at lipid droplet-associated ER membrane visualized by 3D electron microscopy.

The original publication is available at www.springerlink.comInternational audienceThe mechanisms underlying hepatitis C virus (HCV) morphogenesis remain elusive, but lipid droplets have recently been shown to be important organelles for virus production. We investigated the interaction between HCV-like particles and lipid droplets by three-dimensional reconstructions of serial ultrathin electron microscopy sections of cells producing the HCV core protein. The budding of HCV-like particles was mostly initiated at membranes close to the lipid droplets rather than at membranes directly apposed to the lipid droplets. This may have important implications for our understanding of the complex relationship between HCV and lipids and may make easier to dissect out the HCV life cycle

Chimeric hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus envelope proteins elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies and constitute a potential bivalent prophylactic vaccine.

International audienceThe development of a prophylactic vaccine against hepatitis C virus (HCV) has become an important medical priority, because 3-4 million new HCV infections are thought to occur each year worldwide. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is another major human pathogen, but infections with this virus can be prevented with a safe, efficient vaccine, based on the remarkable ability of the envelope protein (S) of this virus to self-assemble into highly immunogenic subviral particles. Chimeric HBV-HCV envelope proteins in which the N-terminal transmembrane domain of S was replaced with the transmembrane domain of the HCV envelope proteins (E1 or E2) were efficiently coassembled with the wild-type HBV S protein into subviral particles. These chimeric particles presented the full-length E1 and E2 proteins from a genotype 1a virus in an appropriate conformation for formation of the E1-E2 heterodimer. Produced in stably transduced Chinese hamster ovary cells and used to immunize New Zealand rabbits, these particles induced a strong specific antibody (Ab) response against the HCV and HBV envelope proteins in immunized animals. Sera containing anti-E1 or anti-E2 Abs elicited by these particles neutralized infections with HCV pseudoparticles and cell-cultured viruses derived from different heterologous 1a, 1b, 2a, and 3 strains. Moreover, the anti-hepatitis B surface response induced by these chimeric particles was equivalent to the response induced by a commercial HBV vaccine. Conclusions: Our results provide support for approaches based on the development of bivalent HBV-HCV prophylactic vaccine candidates potentially able to prevent initial infection with either of these two hepatotropic viruses. (HEPATOLOGY 2013)

Core protein cleavage by signal peptide peptidase is required for hepatitis C virus-like particle assembly.: HCV core protein cleavage by SPP and viral assembly

International audienceHepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein, expressed with a Semliki Forest virus replicon, self-assembles into HCV-like particles (HCV-LP) at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, providing an opportunity to study HCV assembly and morphogenesis by electron microscopy. This model was used to investigate whether the processing of the HCV core protein by the signal peptide peptidase (SPP) is required for the HCV-LP assembly. Several mutants were designed as there are conflicting reports concerning the cleavage of mutant proteins by SPP. Production of the only core mutant protein that escaped SPP processing led to the formation of multiple layers of electron-dense ER membrane, with no evidence of HCV-LP assembly. These data shed light on the HCV core residues involved in SPP cleavage and suggest that this cleavage is essential for HCV assembly