Basic Principles of Fluorescence Microscopy

Fluorescence microscopy is a basic requirement in cell biology , molecular biology and biotechnology . Advancements over the years has helped scientist to trace molecules in live cells and understand the basis of cell metabolism, exchange, mutation and to xicity. In this short communication we seek to explain in simple terms the basic principles of how a fluorescence microscope works. The principles o f excitation and emission focuses on the ability of f luorophores to absorb energy from photons and to emit such absorbed energy. The difference between t he chemical structures of these fluorephores determines how much energy that is required to exci te them and how long a fluorescence signal from a fluorophore will last. The principles of epi-illumi nation on the other hand describe the arrangement a nd function of the various components of a fluorescenc e microscope

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy with the TriPort system: A case report

Single port access surgery may be the next generation of minimally invasive surgery. This study reports a recent experience with the TriPort system (trademark pending, Advanced Surgical Concepts, Wicklow, Ireland) to perform a laparoscopic cholecystectomy via a single peri-umbilical incision. To the authors\u27 knowledge, this is one of the first cases of single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy ever performed with this device in the United States. Randomized studies to compare single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy with traditional laparoscopic cholecystectomy, with specific regard to postoperative pain scores, would be helpful in determining how much additional benefit, if any, there is to the patient

Robotic assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy with stentless intracorporeal modified Ves.Pa neobladder: early experience

This study aimed at demonstrating the feasibility of robotic assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy with pure intracorporeal modified Ves.Pa neobladder with stentless ureteroileal anastomosis. Pure intracorporeal robotic assisted laparoscopic technique has been recently developed with a select number of high-volume centers utilizing various operative and neobladder techniques. We reviewed the patient characteristics, operative details and perioperative courses in the two patients who have undergone robotic assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy with pure intracorporeal modified Ves.Pa neobladder and one who has undergone the Hautmann W neobladder. These results were compared to other contemporary robotic neobladder series. We demonstrate technical success with similar operative and perioperative results with the modified Ves.Pa neobladder. The robotic pure intracorporeal modified Ves.Pa neobladder is a technically feasible operation and may be easier to perform compared to other neobladders. Initial experience suggests operative time and perioperative outcomes are similar to other robotic techniques

Giant polypoid gastric heterotopia of the jejunum presenting with intermittent intussusception.

We report the case of a 17-year-old female with symptoms of intermittent small bowel obstruction. Computed tomography scan of the abdomen revealed an intussusception. The patient underwent a laparoscopic-assisted resection of the mass, which proved to b