Supplementary material, S5

Avizo surfaces of the models created from CT scans at days 1,4,7,10,13,14 and 16, used for figures 1–3

Supplementary material, S3

An excel fine containing volume data for the different organ systems in these models, coupled with graphs showing the change in both tracheal and gut volume as a percentage of chrysalis volume throughout development

Supplementary material, S1

A video showing 3D models of the chrysalis and its internal anatomy on every day it was scanned during development. The external morphology (i.e. pupal cuticle) and then internal anatomy (tracheal system, gut and air lumen) are shown for day one through a 360° rotation. Stills of day four, and seven showing internal anatomy are then followed by a rotation at day ten, a still of day thirteen, and then rotations of both day fourteen (internal) and day sixteen (external anatomy). We believe these animations demonstrate the power of 3D models when studying complex morphologies such as those of the tracheal system

Supplementary material, S2

This video comprises the radiographs from each scan (i.e. the two-dimensional X-ray projection, rather than the digital visualization. Particularly apparent are the mid-gut and development of air sacs, as well as movement of the internal anatomy during each scan

Eagle Femur 3D Geometry

Haliaeetus albicilla (NMS.Z.2000.23). Body mass = 4.79kg. Created in GeoMagic Studio v12

Guillemot Tibia 3D Geometry

Uria aalge (MM BB.9009.5.1). Body mass = 0.99kg. Created in GeoMagic Studio v12

Summary of controllable factors and their values used in the study.

<p>Summary of controllable factors and their values used in the study.</p

The insect nymph <i>Anebos phrixos</i> gen. et sp. nov. MNHN.F.SOT005630 from the Montceau-les-Mines Lagerstätte, France.

<p>A. Dorsal view, showing wingpads. B. Lateral aspect, of note is the orientation of the head and limbs. C. Ventral abdomen demonstrating trilobite underside. D. Anterior view, showing head, antennae and possible maxillary palps, in addition to leg segmentation. Abbreviations: an = antenna; ca = central axis; ce = cerci; e = eye; fe = femur; L1–3 = legs 1–3; lz = lateral zone; mp = maxillary palps (?); ms = mesonotum; mt = metanotum; pn = pronotum; ta = tarsus; ti = tibia; wp = wing pad. All scale bars equal 5 mm.</p

Polecat Tibia 3D Geometry

Mustela putorius (NMS.Z.2000.307.40). Body mass = 1.11kg. Created in GeoMagic Studio v12

Hedgehog Femur 3D Geometry

Erinaceus europaeus (WML 1988.226). Body mass = 0.68kg. Created in GeoMagic Studio v12