Scalable SD Erlang Reliability Model

This technical report presents the work we have conducted to support SD Erlang reliability and to formally specify the semantics of s groups. We have considered the following aspects of SD Erlang reliability: node recovery after failures and s group name uniqueness

How much of the variation in literacy and numeracy can be explained by school performance?

Family background is known to have a substantial impact on students’ literacy and numeracy results. This raises questions about whether any of the remaining differences in results are due to school performance – or whether they are merely due to random noise. This article reviews research from the OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) study, based on student-level analysis. It then presents new evidence based on publicly reported school-level data from Western Australia. Combining test results with data on schools’ socioeconomic characteristics, this study estimates the degree to which some schools outperform those with similar characteristics. On a ‘like schools’ basis, school differences are shown to be persistent across subjects, grades and years

Naturalness vs. Predictability: A Key Debate in Controlled Languages

Abstract. In this paper we describe two quite different philosophies used in developing controlled languages (CLs): A "naturalist " approach, in which CL interpretation is treated as a simpler form of full natural language processing; and a "formalist " approach, in which the CL interpretation is “deterministic” (context insensitive) and the CL is viewed more as an English-like formal specification language. Despite the philosophical and practical differences, we suggest that a synthesis can be made in which a deterministic core is embedded in a naturalist CL, and illustrate this with our own controlled language CPL. In the second part of this paper we present a fictitious debate between an ardent “naturalist ” and an ardent “formalist”, each arguing their respective positions, to illustrate the benefits and tradeoffs of these different philosophies in an accessible way. Part I: The Naturalist vs. Formalist Debate

Evolved transistor array robot controllers

For the first time a field programmable transistor array (FPTA) was used to evolve robot control circuits directly in analog hardware. Controllers were successfully incrementally evolved for a physical robot engaged in a series of visually guided behaviours, including finding a target in a complex environment where the goal was hidden from most locations. Circuits for recognising spoken commands were also evolved and these were used in conjunction with the controllers to enable voice control of the robot, triggering behavioural switching. Poor quality visual sensors were deliberately used to test the ability of evolved analog circuits to deal with noisy uncertain data in realtime. Visual features were coevolved with the controllers to automatically achieve dimensionality reduction and feature extraction and selection in an integrated way. An efficient new method was developed for simulating the robot in its visual environment. This allowed controllers to be evaluated in a simulation connected to the FPTA. The controllers then transferred seamlessly to the real world. The circuit replication issue was also addressed in experiments where circuits were evolved to be able to function correctly in multiple areas of the FPTA. A methodology was developed to analyse the evolved circuits which provided insights into their operation. Comparative experiments demonstrated the superior evolvability of the transistor array medium

Private Native Forestry: Silviculture, Sustainability and Incentives for Vegetation Management

Timber supplies from public native forests have declined significantly in recent decades. Consequently, wood processors are increasingly dependent on private land to maintain their throughput of native species logs. In some regions of Australia, more than 50 per cent of native forest industry log supply comes from private property. There is concern that this increased demand brings with it the increased risk of high grading in private forests - repeated removal of only merchantable stock, leaving an increasing proportion of poor quality trees which may be detrimental to both future timber yields and habitat quality. Nevertheless, this market situation also represents a commercial opportunity for private landholders and some additional incentive for them to better manage their forests for long-term sustainability. However, this needs to be supported by a policy and regulatory framework that provides incentives for private forest owners to manage their forests sustainably. Environmental policy settings and broader economic drivers can over-ride this opportunity. A range of biodiversity/habitat sustainability indicators have been developed to gauge the impacts of clearing for agriculture and in some states, for forestry operations in native forests. In Australia, these have principally been developed with a focus on public land, but, as additional scrutiny is brought to bear on private landholders, they are increasingly focused on private native forestry (PNF). Implementation of indicators may increase both the direct costs and the constraints on private native forest managers. It seems likely that returns from timber production alone may be insufficient to ensure best practice silviculture in private native forests. Incentives, available to the landowner, which recognize the public environmental goods being provided by well managed forests, may be one solution to the problem. This will require some quantification of how alternative forest management systems impact on those 'public good' values. Others suggest that government price setting arrangements for public forest timber maintain artificially low prices which reduce private forest management incentives. This paper is a progress report on several linked projects funded through RIRDC JVAP, which field test sustainability indicators, investigate the tradeoffs between commercial timber production and habitat/biodiversity conservation and examine options for improved private native forest management through commercial incentives

Can Parity Violation in Neutrino Transport Lead to Pulsar Kicks?

In magnetized proto-neutron stars, neutrino cross sections depend asymmetrically on the neutrino momenta due to parity violation. However, these asymmetric opacities do not induce any asymmetric flux in the bulk interior of the star where neutrinos are nearly in thermal equilibrium. Consequently, parity violation in neutrino absorption and scattering can only give rise to asymmetric neutrino flux above the neutrino-matter decoupling layer. The kick velocity is substantially reduced from previous estimates, requiring a dipole field $B \sim 10^{16}$~G to get $v_{kick}$ of order a few hundred km~s$^{-1}$.Comment: REVTEX, 4 pages, no figures. Submitted to Phys. Rev. Letter

Assessing wellbeing at school entry using the strengths and difficulties questionnaire: professional perspectives

<p>Background: Emotional and behavioural disorders in early childhood are related to poorer academic attainment and school engagement, and difficulties already evident at the point of starting school can affect a child’s later social and academic development. Successful transfer from pre-school settings to primary education is helped by communication between pre-school staff and primary school teachers. Typically, in Scotland, pre-school establishments prepare individual profiles of children before they start school around the age of five years, highlighting their strengths and development needs, for transfer to primary schools. There is, however, no consistent approach to the identification of potential social, emotional and behavioural problems. In 2010, in one local authority area in Scotland, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was introduced for children about to start school as a routine, structured, component of the transition process to help teachers plan support arrangements for classes and individual children. The SDQ assesses emotional, conduct, hyperactivity/ inattention and peer-relationship problems as well as pro-social behaviour. In order to be an effective means of communicating social and emotional functioning, the use of instruments such as the SDQ needs to be practicable. Finding out the views of pre-school education staff with experience of assessing children using the SDQ was, therefore, essential to establish its future utility.</p> <p>Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore the views of pre-school education staff about assessing social and emotional wellbeing of children at school entry using the SDQ. The objectives were to examine the opinions of pre-school workers about completing the SDQ and to elicit their thoughts on the value of doing this and their perceptions of the usefulness of the information collected.</p> <p>Method: Pre-school establishments were approached using a purposive sampling strategy in order to achieve a mix of local authority (n=14) and ‘partnership’ establishments (n=8) as well as different socio-economic areas. Semi-structured interviews (n=25) were conducted with pre-school head teachers (n=14) and child development officers (n=11) in order to explore the process of completing the SDQ along with perceptions of its value. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically.</p> <p>Results: In general, staff in pre-school establishments viewed the use of the SDQ positively. It was seen as a chance to highlight the social and emotional development of children rather than just their academic or educational ability. Most felt that the SDQ had not identified anything they did not already know about a child. A minority, nevertheless, suggested that a previously unrecognised potential difficulty was brought to light, most commonly emotional problems. Completing the SDQ was felt to be relatively straightforward even though the staff felt under pressure from competing priorities. Concerns were, however, raised about the potential of labelling a child at an early stage of formal education.</p> <p>Conclusion: The findings from this small scale study suggest that, from the point of view of pre-school education staff, it is feasible to assess children systematically for social and behavioural problems as part of the routine transition process at school entry.</p&gt

An Early Beaker funerary monument at Porton Down, Wiltshire

Excavation of an Early Beaker-Early Bronze Age funerary monument at Porton Down revealed an unusually complex burial sequence of 12 individuals, spanning four centuries, including eight neonates or infants and only one probable male, surrounded by a segmented ring-ditch. In the centre was a large grave which contained the disturbed remains of an adult female, accompanied by a Beaker, which had probably been placed within a timber chamber and later ‘revisited’ on one or more occasions. This primary burial and an antler pick from the base of the ring-ditch provided identical Early Beaker radiocarbon dates. Two burials were accompanied by a Food Vessel and a miniature Collared Urn respectively, others were unaccompanied, and there was a single and a double cremation burial, both within inverted Collared Urns. A C-shaped enclosure nearby may have been contemporary with the funerary monument, but its date and function are uncertain. Other features included an Early Neolithic pit which contained a significant assemblage of worked flint, and several Middle Bronze Age ditches and a Late Bronze Age ‘Wessex Linear’ ditch that reflect later prehistoric land divisions probably related to stock control

Consumer Perceptions of Blended Hydrogen in the Home: Learning from HyDeploy

This report presents the results of research into consumer perceptions and the subsequent degree of acceptance of blended hydrogen in domestic properties. Evidence from two trial sites of the HyDeploy programme: i) a private site trial at Keele University, North Staffordshire; ii) and a public site trial at Winlaton, Gateshead are discussed

Wastewater-based estimation of the prevalence of gout in Australia

Embargo until 25 Jan 2022Allopurinol, a first-line gout treatment drug in Australia, was assessed as a wastewater-based epidemiology biomarker of gout via quantification of the urinary metabolite, oxypurinol in wastewater. The in-sewer stability of oxypurinol was examined using laboratory-scale sewer reactors. Wastewater from 75 wastewater treatment plants across Australia, covering approximately 52% (12.2 million) of the country's population, was collected on the 2016 census day. Oxypurinol was quantified in the wastewater samples and population-weighted mass loads calculated. Pearson and Spearman rank-order correlations were applied to investigate any link between allopurinol, other selected wastewater biomarkers, and socio-economic indicators. Oxypurinol was shown to be stable in sewer conditions and suitable as a WBE biomarker. Oxypurinol was detected in all wastewater samples. The estimated consumption of allopurinol ranged from 1.9 to 32 g/day/1000 people equating to 4.8 to 80 DDD/day/1000 people. The prevalence of gout across all tested sewer catchments was between 0.5% to 8%, with a median of 2.9% nationally. No significant positive correlation was observed between allopurinol consumption and alcohol consumption, mean age of catchment population, remoteness or higher socioeconomic status. There was a significant positive correlation with selective analgesic drug use. Wastewater analysis can be used to study gout prevalence and can provide additional insights on population level risk factors when triangulated with other biomarkers.acceptedVersio